A prospective study was carried out to determine the prevalence rates of microsporidiosis and other enteroparasites in HIV-positive children in the Madrid area. HIV-positive pediatric patients from three hospitals were enrolled in the study. A total of 293 samples (158 stool and 127 urine) were collected from 83 children whose mean age was 6.3 years and had a mean CD4 count of 504.7/mm3 (range 1-2,220/mm3), 48 of whom suffered diarrhea at the time of the study. Microsporidia identification was investigated in stool and urine samples using Weber's chromotrope-based stain, IIF and PCR species-specific tests. Enteric parasites were identified in 32.5% of the children. Cryptosporidium sp. was the most common parasite encountered (14.4%), followed by Blastocytis sp. (9.6%) and Giardia duodenalis (8.4%). Microsporidia was only found in the stools of one child (1.2% of total and 2% of those with diarrhea) and Enterocytozoon bieneusi was demonstrated by PCR. The patient was 10 years old, presented non-chronic diarrhea and his CD4 count was 298/mm3. These data differ from those previously reported by us in HIV-positive adults (13.9%) in the same area, although this group showed more severely depressed CD4 lymphocyte counts than children. New epidemiological studies should be carried out to elucidate whether additional risk factors exist between these groups.
Exposure or Latent-TB-infection, or TB disease; because need different management. Although children, usually not been infectious, family prophylaxis interrupts disease's dissemination. 3. TB management: 1 TB exposure: H 2 months; repeat TST, if positive action as LTBI, 2 LTB infection: H 6-9 months or HR 3 months, 3 TB disease: Children living in high-HIV-prevalence or high-H-resistance area, with pulmonary/lymphadenitis TB; or children with extensive pulmonary disease in low-HIV-prevalence o low-H-resistance area, should be treated: 2 months HRZE + 4 months HR.-In meningitis TB: 2HRZE + 10 HR.-HIV-negative children and low-HIV-prevalence and low-H-resistance area, could be treated: 2HRZ + 4HR.-Maintenance period: thrice-weekly regimens can be considered, only if well established Directly Observed Therapy. HIV-infected children or living in HIV-high-prevalence area should not be treated with intermittent regimens.-Streptomycin should not be used as a part of firs-line regimen in pulmonary/lymphadenitis TB. Children with TB-MDR should be treated: fluoroquinolones + aminoglucoside guide by an expert.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.