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Pannus-like tissue exists in advanced OA cartilage, preferentially in the marginal zone. It expressed IL-1beta and MMP3, which strongly suggests that it contributes to cartilage degradation.

Growth and characterization of N-polar GaN films on SiC by metal organic chemical vapor deposition J. Appl. Phys.Nondestructive determination of the polarity of GaN has been achieved by the use of coaxial impact-collision ion scattering spectroscopy analysis. The polarity of a GaN film with a smooth surface on non-nitrided c-plane sapphire was identified ͑0001͒ ͑Ga face; ϩc͒. GaN films with a 20 nm buffer layer on nitrided sapphire had (0001 ) ͑N face; Ϫc͒ polarity and a hexagonal faceted surface. The influence of both the buffer layer and of substrate nitridation on the polarity of wurtzite ͕0001͖ GaN films deposited by two-step metal organic chemical vapor deposition ͑MOCVD͒ has been investigated. The polarity of the buffer layer on a nitrided sapphire substrate was altered by varying its thickness or the annealing time. It was found that the polarity of the GaN film is determined by the polarity of the annealed buffer layer; MOCVD-GaN films on buffer layers with ϩc and Ϫc polarity have either ϩc ͑smooth surface͒ or Ϫc ͑hexagonal facet͒ polarity, respectively.