Expensive milk such as horse’s milk (HM) may be the target of adulteration by other milk such as goat’s milk (GM) and cow’s milk (CM). FTIR spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and multivariate calibrations of partial least square regression (PLSR) and principal component regression (PCR) was used for authentication of HM from GM and CM. Milk was directly subjected to attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectral measurement at midinfrared regions (4000-650 cm-1). Results showed that LDA could make clear discrimination between HM and HM adulterated with CM and GM without any misclassification observed. PLSR using 2nd derivative spectra at 3200-2800 and 1300-1000 cm-1 provided the best model for the relationship between actual values of GM and FTIR predicted values than PCR. At this condition, R 2 values for calibration and validation models obtained were 0.9995 and 0.9612 with RMSEC and RMSEP values of 0.0093 and 0.0794. PLSR using normal FTIR spectra at 3800-3000 and 1500-1000 cm-1 offered R 2 for the relationship between actual values of CM and FTIR predicted values of >0.99 in calibration and validation models with low errors of RMSEC of 0.0164 and RMSEP of 0.0336 during authentication of HM from CM. Therefore, FTIR spectroscopy in combination with LDA and PLSR is an effective method for authentication of HM from GM and CM.
Tea, derived from Camellia sinensis L., is considered as the most popular beverages in the world. The quality of teas may vary depending on harvesting location and geographical origins, thus the traceability of teas according to their origins is very essential to assure tea’s quality. Due to economic reasons, high quality tea products may be added with foreign materials or adulterated with low quality ones, as a consequence, some analytical methods have been proposed and developed to quality control of tea. During the recent years, the application of molecular spectroscopic techniques (UV-Vis, Fluorescence, Near Infrared, Mid Infrared, Raman) in combination with multivariate data analysis has emerged as rapid and reliable analytical tool in the quality control of food, including food authentication. The objective of this review is to update the application of molecular spectroscopy (UV-Vis, fluorescence, infrared and Raman) for the quality control and authentication of tea products either geographical origins issue or detection of potential adulterants. The variables obtained during molecular spectral measurement involve hundreds or thousands of data, which make data analysis rather complex. Fortunately, the specific chemometrics tools can solve the problems arising from big data coming from analyte signals, spectral interferences and overlapping peaks. This review paper provides an overview of the recently developed approaches and latest research carried out in molecular spectroscopic techniques in combination with chemometrics for the quality control and for authentication of teas
Accumulation lipid peroxidation can lead to the formation of malondialdehyde to generatefree radicals. Antioxidant will minimize free radical related health problems, such as naturalantioxidant from meat of kepel (Stelechocarpus burahol) (Blume) Hook. F. & Thompson) fruits.Antioxidant activities of methanol extracts and acetate ethyl fractions meat of kepel fruits calculatedprofile of malondialdehyde concentration (ng/mL) in CCl4 induced acute liver toxicity in femaleSprague Dawley rats using ELISA competitively method. All of groups induced CCl4 i.p. at 0 h, exceptuntreated and solvent control group, then vitamin C , methanol extracts and acetate ethyl fractionsp.o. once daily for 72 h. Identification of secondary metabolite was using phytochemical screeningand Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Liver weighed and calculated relative organ weight (ROW)of liver, then all of data analyzed using statistic tests, One Way ANOVA and Kruskall Wallis. Thisstudy showed methanol extracts can decrease MDA concentration, ALT and AST were more potent(significantly p<0.05) than acetate ethyl fractions and vitamin C. The TLC analysis identified methanolextracts have same polarity with quercetin (Rf = 0,26) and acetate ethyl fractions showed otherflavonoid class, except rutin and quercetin. ROW of acute liver toxicity in rats increased significantlyin CCl4 and vitamin C groups.
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