Forest classification, made up by Plíva and Průša (Plíva 1971), has been using in the Czech Republic forestry since 1970. This classification is based on ecological factors of the environment. Edaphic conditions are at the first position, then climatic conditions follow (by their vertical [altitudinal] distribution mainly). These two factors form the basic construction called ecological grid (Table 1).

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(2016). Structure, regeneration and growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands with respect to changing climate and environmental pollution. Silva Fennica vol. 50 no. 4 article id 1564. 21 p. http://dx.doi.org/10.14214/sf.1564. Highlights• Pine forest stands showed positive development of stand structural characteristics related to their diversity, number of regeneration individuals and growth characteristics.• Tree-ring width was positively correlated with precipitation, while it was negatively correlated with temperature in growing seasons.• Mean NO x concentrations showed positive effect on radial growth of pine.• Serious defoliation was caused by SO 2 concentrations and N deposition in combination with extreme climate events. AbstractChanges in the structure and development of managed Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands with respect to changing environmental conditions were set for the period 1979-2015. The study was conducted in conditions of natural pinewoods and pine-oak sites on five permanent research plots (0.25 ha) in Eastern Bohemia, Czech Republic (CR). Studied forest stands showed positive development of stand structural characteristics related to their diversity, number of regeneration individuals and growth characteristics. The standing volume of regularly distributed tree layer in 2015 was in the range of 320-434 m 3 ha -1 , which indicates an increase by 5.9-20.0% over 10 years. Correlation between pine radial increment and the amount of precipitation was generally the strongest one. Positive statistically significant correlation between diameter increment and temperature was demonstrated only for the average March temperature of the current year. Within the CR, study site can be characterised as a medium polluted area both for sulphur and nitrogen, despite this SO 2 concentrations and N deposition in combination with extreme climate events caused severe defoliation in pine stands. Conversely, radial growth was positively significantly correlated with mean NO x concentrations. Drought mainly in combination with even medium environmental pollution can further worsen the health status of pine stands in lowland areas of Central Europe. Thus, formulation of silvicultural techniques able to mitigate the impact of these stress factors is needed.

A survey of mountain spruce stand development in the Šumava National Park on Modrava peat bogs on an area of 1,370 ha resulting from spruce bark beetle outbreaks was performed by means of visual evaluation of aerial photographs from the period 1991-2000. In addition, our study addressed the influence of climatic effects (period 1984-2000) and the effect of forest site (climax, waterlogged and peaty spruce stands) on the dynamics of disintegration of forest stands. We showed that new infestations were predominantly found at short distances from their source, the average value was estimated to be 40-60 m, whereas the longest distance for annual progress in west to east direction was estimated to be 120 m. Differences in the dynamics of disintegration between waterlogged stands and drier stands were confirmed. There was a positive relationship between the average temperature in the 2 nd quarter of monitoring years which was registered as the period of the onset of bark beetle development and the proportion of degraded area in Norway spruce stands. Moreover, pronounced winter desiccation in January 1993 was a triggering mechanism with crucial importance for the outbreak of bark beetle in the studied area.