M. SAMARDŽIJA: Bovine mastitis: a persistent and evolving problem requiring novel approaches for its control -a review. Vet. arhiv 88, 535-557, 2018. ABSTRACT Mastitis in dairy cows is the inflammation of the mammary gland, and is the most important cause of economic losses in the modern dairy industry. Bovine mastitis is often infectious and can be caused by some 150 microbial species. The environment of the dairy cow is heavily colonized by microbiota, while milk is an ideal medium for propagation of the bacteria and causative agents. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen isolated from the mammary gland capable of causing health disorders in humans. Milk from an infected mammary gland has a different chemical composition compared to milk from healthy cows. Certain differences, such as protein components specific to inflamed tissue, are currently being considered in 2018 M. Benić et al.: Bovine mastitis: a persistent and evolving problem requiring novel approaches for its control the development of diagnostic tools for mastitis. The known risk factors for mastitis can result in mastitis at the quarter, cow and herd levels. Mastitis treatment includes both preventive and therapy measures, and is primarily based on the use of antibiotics. Recent approaches to mastitis therapy have been focused on the design and use of natural therapeutics, such as zeolites, ozone and propolis, that could serve as alternatives to antibiotics.
Background: The bacterial species S. aureus is the most common causative agent of mastitis in cows in most countries with a dairy industry. The prevalence of infection caused by S. aureus ranges from 2% to more than 50%, and it causes 10–12% of all cases of clinical mastitis. Aim: The objective was to analyze 237 strains of S. aureus isolated from the milk of cows with subclinical mastitis regarding the spa, mecA, mecC and pvl genes and to perform spa and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Methods: Sequencing amplified gene sequences was conducted at Macrogen Europe. Ridom StaphType and BioNumerics software was used to analyze obtained sequences of spa and seven housekeeping genes. Results: The spa fragment was present in 204 (86.1%) of strains, while mecA and mecC gene were detected in 10 strains, and the pvl gene was not detected. Spa typing successfully analyzed 153 tested isolates (64.3%), confirming 53 spa types, four of which were new types. The most frequent spa type was t2678 (14%). MLST typed 198 (83.5%) tested strains and defined 32 different allele profiles, of which three were new. The most frequent allele profile was ST133 (20.7%). Six groups (G) and 15 singletons were defined. Conclusion: Taking the number of confirmed spa types and sequence types (STs) into account, it can be concluded that the strains of S. aureus isolated from the milk of cows with subclinical mastitis form a heterogenous group. To check the possible zoonotic potential of isolates it would be necessary to test the persons and other livestock on the farms.
During a five-year period (2000 to 2004) 74,342 pigs were tested by the intradermal tuberculin test in Croatia. Of them, 248 (0.33%) pigs were positive and 91 (0.12%) were found to be suspicious in 7 out of the 13 farms included in the study. Gross pathological changes characteristic of tuberculosis were observed in tuberculin-positive and/or suspicious swine. Mycobacterium was isolated from the lymph nodes of 183 out of 234 swine (78.2%). For better epidemiological understanding, isolates were typed by conventional methods, PCR and hybridisation. The results show that most of the isolates belonged to the Mycobacterium avium complex (175 isolates, 95.7%). Other isolates belonged to M. fortuitum (6 isolates, 3.3%), M. chelonae (1 isolate, 0.5%), and M. peregrinum (1 isolate, 0.5%). Isolated strains of the M. avium complex were identified as M. a. avium (37 isolates, 21.1%) and M. a. hominissuis (138 isolates, 78.9%).
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