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For risk analyses not only knowledge about the impact of different types of hazards, but also information about the elements and values at risk is necessary. This article introduces a methodology for a countrywide estimation of asset values for commercial and industrial properties using Germany as an example. It consists of a financial appraisal of asset values on the municipal level and a further disaggregation by means of land use data. Novelties are the distinction of 60 economic activities, the consideration of production site sizes and the application of a dasymetric mapping technique for a sectorspecific estimation and disaggregation of asset values. A validation with empirical data confirms the feasibility of the calculation. The resulting maps can be used for loss estimations e.g. in the framework of cost-benefit analyses that aim to evaluate hazard mitigation measures or for portfolio analyses by banks and insurance companies. The approach can be used for other countries if the necessary data is available (mainly in industrialized countries). In any case, it reveals the critical points when estimating commercial and industrial asset values.

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Purpose -Power outages which may be triggered, for example, by natural hazards and system failures are a common phenomenon, associated with large impacts on society including the healthcare sector. Minimising adverse impacts effectively requires an analysis of possible impacts and the identification of measures aiming at reducing vulnerability and increasing resilience. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and assess the effects of a power average on the healthcare system in Germany and to identify possible preparation, mitigation and recovery (PMR) measures. Design/methodology/approach -To systematically identify impacts as well as PMR measures, a moderated workshop with participants representing different healthcare sub-sectors in Germany was conducted and complemented by semi-structured interviews and a thorough analysis of literature. Impacts were determined for three scenarios of power outage duration, ,8, 8-24 and . 24 hours. Findings -Whereas hospitals are in general well prepared with respect to shorter outages, due to obligatory emergency power in Germany, outpatient medical care, nursing homes (NH) and, in particular, home-care nursing are early affected. Failure of these sub-sectors puts additional strains on hospitals. If outages last more than one day and are associated with failure of other critical infrastructures (CIs), especially water supply, hospitals may be severely affected. Effective preparation and mitigation measures identified based on a facility-specific impact analysis, as well as good cooperation between actors, may reduce impacts. Originality/value -The largely case-study-based literature is complemented by a systematic and extensive analysis of direct and indirect impacts on the main healthcare sub-sectors in Germany, followed by an identification of specific PMR measures. As a novelty outage duration is explicitly accounted for. Also, interdependencies between the healthcare sub-sectors as well as dependencies on other CI are considered.

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When natural disasters and extreme events such as storms, floods and earthquakes occur, it is not only people, residential buildings and infrastructure that are seriously affected, but also industry. Direct losses to installations as well as indirect losses, e.g., the interruption of production, can cause severe damage to companies and the economy as a whole. For a comparative and quantitative risk assessment, and being a prerequisite for Michael Hiete holds a diploma and a PhD in Geoecology, both from the Technical University 'Carolo-Wilhelmina' at Brunswick, Germany. He is a Scientific Research Assistant and Head of the interdisciplinary research team on 'Technique Assessment and Risk Management' at the Institute for Industrial Production (IIP), University of Karlsruhe (TH), Germany. His major research areas include environmental modelling and system analysis, technoeconomic assessment of emission abatement options, modelling and analysis of critical infrastructure, risk management and multicriteria decision analysis.

Generic guidance on the withdrawal of sheltering, withdrawal of evacuation and evacuation of sheltered populations (displacement) has been developed based on previously unpublished work in the UK and France and on input from stakeholder panels in Germany, Belgium, France and the UK. The guidance is a living document that can be developed further in the future, both in its generic form and also as customised versions in some Member States. The guidance outlines the many factors which influence the withdrawal of emergency countermeasures: official confirmation that any release has stopped; adequacy of monitoring data; radiological criteria; radiological protection advice; availability of resources; social and psychological needs; stakeholder dialogue; and communication strategy. The relative importance placed by decision makers on each of these criteria would vary according to the nature and scale of the accident and also on socio-political, economic and cultural perspectives. In the event of a radiological incident, decision makers will need to be in a position to construct a strategy for managing the withdrawal of emergency countermeasures. For larger scale, longer duration releases involving several nuclides, a management strategy is likely to be complex. The guidance therefore includes a series of checklists which have been developed in conjunction with stakeholders to take into account the main criteria and factors which should be considered.