Structural anomalies of the sex chromosomes provide a means to study the location of genes responsible for sex determination. Recently, a type of sex reversal in humans, the 46,XX male, was shown to result in some cases from translocation of Y chromosome material to the X chromosome. In the present report, another type of sex reversal, the 46,XY female, is shown to result, in two cases, from small deletions of the short arm of the Y chromosome. Prometaphase chromosome analysis showed a 46,X,Yp-karyotype. Several Y chromosome-specific DNA probes were found to be deleted in the two female patients. DNA analysis showed that the two deletions were different but included a common overlapping region likely to be essential for male determination.

International institutions and domestic policy: assessing the influence of multilateral pressure on the European Union's Agricultural Policy There is a debate in international relations on how, when, and why international institutions influence domestic policy. This article contributes to this debate by looking at the influence of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the European Union's (EU) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). It shows that the transfer of authority to international institutions may transform an external factor into a permanent influence on domestic policy. The transfer of authority in agriculture to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT-now included in the WTO) in 1994 led to the introduction of a dormant clause on export subsidies in all subsequent EU CAP regulations. This clause provided the legal foundation for the 2015 EU decision to remove export subsidies. Multilateral pressure (i.e., the demands of third countries in GATT/WTO negotiations) is not the only determinant of CAP, but it is important, and its influence is affected by GATT/WTO having authority on agriculture.