The composition of fluid distribution in human body is consisting of various intra-cellular and extra-cellular fluids. Dehydration and other changes in the system may lead to various disorders and diseases in the normal functioning. It is therefore imperative to study the fluid distribution and its balance in the human body systems. In this study, we estimate the pattern of fluid in human dermal regions with heterogeneous metabolic fluid generation. The model is based on radial diffusion equation with appropriate boundary and interface conditions. The variational finite element method has been used to solve the model. The results of fluid concentrations at the dermal and subdermal regions were calculated and interpreted graphically at various levels of humidities and perspirations.

This paper develops a model to identify the role of perspiration in temperature distribution of human skin. The model has been solved by using the energy balance equation on the surface of human skin. The role played by thermal conductance, convection, and heat radiation during heat transfer in human skin has been considered, and the relevant laws such as Fourier law for conduction, Newton’s Law for convection, and Stefan–Boltzmann’s law for radiation have been used in the model. Pennes’ bioheat equation has been employed to estimate the heat flow in the dermal region of skin including subcutaneous tissue.

The human head is one of the most sensitive parts of human body due to the fact that it contains brain. Any abnormality in the functioning of brain may disturb the entire system. One of the disturbing factors of brain is thermal stress. Thus, it is imperative to study the effects of thermal stress on human head at various environmental conditions. For the thermoregulation process, the human head is considered to be a structure of four layers viz.; brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), skull and scalp. A mathematical model has been formulated to estimate the variation of temperature at these layers. The model is based on radial form of bio-heat equation with the appropriate boundary conditions and has been solved by variational finite element method. The rate of metabolic heat generation and thermal conductivity in this study have been assumed to be heterogeneous. The results were compared with the experimental studies for their coincidence and it has been observed theoretically and experimentally that the human head has greater resistance to compete with the thermal stress up to large extent.

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