Polyethylene plastic waste was selected as pyrolysis feedstock. This plastic waste is not recycled mechanically and is abundantly available at the landfill. The plastic-type of low and high-density polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE) was converted into pyrolysis liquid fuel (PLF). This study aims to characterize the physicochemical properties of the PLF to attest to its potential use as a kerosene fuel for household purposes. The PLF was generated from the collecting of household plastic waste through pyrolysis. A design of the simple non-catalytic semi-batch reactor was applied to pyrolyze this plastics waste into PLF at about 360 °C and isothermal residence time up to about 1 hour. The high enough PLF yield of 50.3% (v/w) and 77.0% (v/w) was obtained from LDPE and HDPE plastics waste, respectively. The dominance of alkane (CH) and alkenes (C=C) functional groups of PLF and commercial kerosene fuel was analyzed by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) analysis indicates that most PLF substances in the form of tetradecane (C14H30), pentadecane (C15H32), hexadecane (C16H34), octadecene (C18H36), eicosane (C20H42) are similar to commercial kerosene substances. The combustion properties of this PLF are so similar to the standard values of the kerosene fuel. The combination of thermal efficiency, ηT using wick stove and PLF from LDPE and HDPE of 45.66% and 32.37%, respectively was obtained in this work.

Usaha pemanfaatan limbah kulit udang sampai saat ini belum maksimal, padahal dalam kulit udang terdapat senyawa yang sangat bermanfaat yaitu khitin. Kandungan khitin dalam kulit udang pada umumnya sekitar 20%. Khitin merupakan sumber polisakarida potensial dan mulai dikembangkan untuk aplikasi di bidang agrikultur, biomedis, farmasi, bioteknologi dan proses pemisahan dengan membran. Khitin adalah polimer alam sejenis polisakarida yang mempunyai berat molekul rata-rata 1,2.105 g/mol dan nama kimia 2 — Asetamida — 2 — deoksi — D — Glukopiranosa Pada kulit udang, khitin bergabung dengan mineral dan protein dalam fasa padat. Untuk mendapatkan khitin maka campuran tersebut dipisahkan dengan cara ekstraksi dengan menggunakan pelarut cair (Ekstraksi Padat Cair). Pada proses ekstraksi ini terdapat reaksi demineralisasi dan reaksi deproteinasi. Kandungan mineral utama yang terdapat pada kulit udang adalah CaCO3, yang dapat dihilangkan dengan cara direaksikan dengan larutan HCI. Reaksi ini berjalan secara maksimum pada konsentrasi larutan HCI 1 M, temperatur operasi 70oC, waktu reaksi 1 jam. Setelah proses demineralisasi, kulit udang tersebut diharapkan hanya mengandung protein dan khitin. Ekstraksi dilanjutkan ketahap deproteinasi untuk menghilangkan protein yang banyaknya sekitar 28%. Protein ini dapat dihilangkan dengan cara direaksikan dengan larutan NaOH. Reaksi berjalan secara maksimum pada konsentrasi larutan NaOH 4 M, temperatur operasi 70oC, waktu reaksi I jam. Setelah melalui proses tersebut maka didapatkan khitin dengan perolehan sekitar 17,5%.

Abstract. Organic wastes from Swiettenia marcophylla L, Artocarpus heterophyllus L, Mangifera indica L, and Annona muricata L were prepared by grinding into 0.1875, 0.3750, 0.7500 mm of particle size and delignified by 2% NaOH at 80 o C for 90 minutes. Acid dilution hydrolysis process with H2SO4 1% was performed at 150 o C for 120 minutes in a closed reactor. The effect of particle size and delignification on and reducing sugar concentration were investigated. The result showed (1) leaves that can be used as raw material to produce hydrogen should have 38-49% cellulose and hemicellulose. (2) Reducing sugar concentration increased with particle size reduction and delignification. (3) the best result with the highest reducing sugar concentration was achieved by 0.1875 mm particle size with delignification on Annona muricata L.

The increasing production of automotive vehicles has led to a significant increase in the rate of waste tire generation. Approximately 160 tons/day of waste tire are produced in Bandung City which will eventually become an environmental problem. However, the pyrolysis process can be applied as a technology to treat waste tire to produce valuable hydrocarbon products. This study addressed the description effect of used tire waste on the yield, properties, and composition of tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) products. The effect of zeolite catalysts on TPO was also studied. 500 g of the waste tire was pyrolyzed using a small tube reactor containing a zeolite catalyst at various temperatures of 300-450 °C for 60 minutes. From the present work, the highest TPO product yield of 36.6 %-wt was obtained during the pyrolysis of the waste tire. The characteristics of TPO as a fuel, such as viscosity and density are close to those of gasoline fuel with a heating value of about 44 MJ/kg. The compounds contained in TPO were classified into hydrocarbon groups compounds as commercial fuel which are included as compounds of aromatics, paraffin, naphthenes, and cycloparaffins through the results of GC-MS spectrum analysis. The TPO from waste tire pyrolysis is on par with the hydrocarbon range of gasoline (C7-C11).