The main purpose of this work was the possibility to process the plastic waste into an alternative fuel oil through pyrolysis. This pyrolytic fuel can be utilized as an alternative fuel for cookstoves as a liquid petroleum gas (LPG)/kerosene substitute for the household. The pyrolysis was conducted in a design of a simple, inexpensive and easy to operate semi-batch reactors that be applied definitely in urban and rural communities. Two type of plastic wastes were pyrolyzed up to 480°C with and without natural zeolite as catalyst. The higher fuel yield (%) was obtained when using zeolite in the process. The amount of 1000 g of two plastics waste type with natural zeolite yielded 650 mL (65% vol/w) and 550 mL (55% vol/w), respectively. The density of fuel oil product from 0.700 kg/m 3 to 0.710 kg/m 3 , the fuel oil kinematic viscosity in the range of 1.07 cSt to 1.14 cSt, and the heating value of 38 MJ/kg were obtained. The physical properties and the results of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR functional groups of this fuel oil were relatively close to that of conventional kerosene fuels. The operational cost of pyrolysis is about IDR 12,300/liters of fuel oil.
Polyethylene plastic waste was selected as pyrolysis feedstock. This plastic waste is not recycled mechanically and is abundantly available at the landfill. The plastic-type of low and high-density polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE) was converted into pyrolysis liquid fuel (PLF). This study aims to characterize the physicochemical properties of the PLF to attest to its potential use as a kerosene fuel for household purposes. The PLF was generated from the collecting of household plastic waste through pyrolysis. A design of the simple non-catalytic semi-batch reactor was applied to pyrolyze this plastics waste into PLF at about 360 °C and isothermal residence time up to about 1 hour. The high enough PLF yield of 50.3% (v/w) and 77.0% (v/w) was obtained from LDPE and HDPE plastics waste, respectively. The dominance of alkane (CH) and alkenes (C=C) functional groups of PLF and commercial kerosene fuel was analyzed by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) analysis indicates that most PLF substances in the form of tetradecane (C14H30), pentadecane (C15H32), hexadecane (C16H34), octadecene (C18H36), eicosane (C20H42) are similar to commercial kerosene substances. The combustion properties of this PLF are so similar to the standard values of the kerosene fuel. The combination of thermal efficiency, ηT using wick stove and PLF from LDPE and HDPE of 45.66% and 32.37%, respectively was obtained in this work.
Fly ash (abu terbang) batubara biasanya masih mengandung komponen-komponen/senyawa dianataranya terdiri dari SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO dan sebagian kecilnya adalah unsur-unsur seperti Na2O, MgO dan K2O serta pengotor lainnya. Unsur- unsur utama tersebut merupakan bahan Pozzolan, yaitu bahan yang mengandung senyawa silica atau silica alumina, dimana bahan Pozzolan itu sendiri tidak mempunyai sifat mengikat seperti semen, karena mempunyai bentuknya yang halus dan masih mengandung kadar air, maka senyawa tersebut akan bereaksi secara kimia dengan senyawa kalsium hidroksida pada keadaan temperatur ruangan, dan membentuk senyawa yang memiliki sifat-sifat seperti semen (kalsium silikat dan aluminat hidrat), sehingga fly ash tersebut dapat dicampur dengan semen portland menjadi semen portland pozzolan.Tahapan pengerjaan penelitian dilakukan adalah limbah fIy ash tersebut dimulai dengan proses penggilingan dan pengayakan dengan menggunakan ayakan 270 mesh, kemudian diaktifkan dengan berbagai variasi temperatur pengaktifan yaitu 400oC, 500oC dan 600oC. Setelah diaktifkan, fly ash tersebut dicampur dengan semen portland tipe I yang selanjutnya dibuat beton untuk diuji secara mekanis, yaitu dengan kuat tekan. Dari hasil pengujian kuat tekan tersebut, umur beton yang 3 hari, 7 hari dan 28 hari dengan suhu pengaktifan fly ash 400oC, memiliki kuat tekan yang tinggi yaitu 148.88 kg/cm2, 220 kg/cm2 dan 260 kg/cm2.
Abstract. Organic wastes from Swiettenia marcophylla L, Artocarpus heterophyllus L, Mangifera indica L, and Annona muricata L were prepared by grinding into 0.1875, 0.3750, 0.7500 mm of particle size and delignified by 2% NaOH at 80 o C for 90 minutes. Acid dilution hydrolysis process with H2SO4 1% was performed at 150 o C for 120 minutes in a closed reactor. The effect of particle size and delignification on and reducing sugar concentration were investigated. The result showed (1) leaves that can be used as raw material to produce hydrogen should have 38-49% cellulose and hemicellulose. (2) Reducing sugar concentration increased with particle size reduction and delignification. (3) the best result with the highest reducing sugar concentration was achieved by 0.1875 mm particle size with delignification on Annona muricata L.
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