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This study was conducted with the aim of assessing the diversity of medicinal plants in Lai Son Island, Kien Giang province, which is a scientific basis for more effectively using, managing, and preserving this medicinal plant resource in this province. In this study, the PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal), field investigation, morphological comparison, and classification, with the aid of specialized medicinal plant books were used. The results showed a total of 353 species of medicinal plants belonging to 264 genera of 112 families in 4 divisions. Among them, Magnoliophyta was the most diverse division with 94.90% % species, 95.08% genera, and 90.18% families. Seven species were listed in “Red List of Vietnamese medicinal plants” (2006), “Vietnam Red Book” (2007), and the Decree 06/2019/ND-CP. The medicinal plant species were divided into ten life forms and distributed in six biotopes. The most species diversity was recorded in the natural forest on rocky mountain biotope. Ten parts of plants were used to medicate 36 disease types. Twenty-four species were commonly used by local people.

Mycaranthes latifolia Blume, distributed from Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra to Java is now reported for the first time in Vietnam. A morphological description, colour plate and line drawings, information on habitat and phenology are provided. An identification key to the species of Mycaranthes in Vietnam is also provided.

A species, new to science, is described from Son La province, Vietnam. The new species is similar to B. yongtaiense, B. layae and B. sridithii in the hairy lip at base but clearly differs by the papillose margin and inner surface of dorsal sepal and petals, lip without mid keel and dense hairs on lateral keels, stelidia 2 times longer than 3 similar species.

The new species, Bulbophyllum manhdatii (B. sect. Brachyantha) discovered in Da Lat Plateau, Lam Dong Province (southern Vietnam) is described here. This new species is close to B. pumilio but clearly differs in densely crowded pseudobulbs and their shape, shorter inflorescence, lateral sepals forming a narrow acute tube slightly flattened at the base, lip without median keel, and longer stelidia. In addition, a new national record, B. seidenfadenii, from the same section is also reported from the first time from North Vietnam.

Two new species of shrubs in the genus Lasianthus Jack (Rubiaceae), L. naikii V.S.Dang & Vuong sp. nov. and L. sonlangensis V.S.Dang, Vuong & Quan sp. nov. from Kon Chu Rang Nature Reserve of Gia Lai Province in southern Vietnam, are described and illustrated. The similarities and differences of two new species with the morphologically closest allies are presented. Descriptions, illustrations, colour plates and vernacular names are provided.

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A newly discovered species belonging to the genus Chiloschista has been found in the Northern region of Vietnam, specifically in Ha Giang Province. This species is being described as a novel addition to scientific knowledge. It shares similarities in plant habit and flower color scheme with C. parishii and C. glabrisepala. However, it can be distinguished by its narrowly saccate spur-like lip, which features a small knob-like farinose callus that is significantly smaller than the median lip lobe. In contrast, C. parishii and C. glabrisepala possess a cup-shaped lip with a large central callus slightly forward curved, which is shortly hairy and approximately the same size as or larger than the median lobe. The taxonomic description of the new species, along with information regarding its distribution, ecology, phenology, proposed conservation status, and taxonomic notes, are presented in detail.