Bosnia and Herzegovina, and therefore the City of East Sarajevo have in recent decades have a major impact on the distribution of the settlement. The subject of this paper will be geographical and habitation specifics of East Sarajevo, vertical zones and distribution of the population. The aim of this paper is to determine whether and how the relief affects the distribution of the population in the researched area and how population depends on the morphometric parameters. Also, we want to determine how the population of mountainous landscapes of the explored territory has changed and what is its trend of the last few decades, since the process of migration from rural to urban areas and the process of land reclamation is expressed throughoutthe territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As a hypothesis, there is the depopulation that is more prominent in areas with higher altitude, and, through the paper we will examine and try to relate the movement of the population and hypsometric distribution of the population. The higher mountainous areas are more affected by intensive aging population, demographic fragmentation and the creation of rural built.
The cultural and historical heritage of an area represents a significant part of the lives and work of the population living in that area. In addition to being an integral part of the local identity, it also has tourist significance. The Municipality of Pale (Bosnia and Herzegovina) has significant cultural resources and as such has higher prerequisites for developing various types of tourist activities. The aim of the research presented in this paper is to determine the attitudes of the residents of Pale toward cultural and historical heritage. The authors examined the attitudes of the people of Pale toward the importance of cultural and historical heritage at the local and national level, its importance for the development of tourism and economic prosperity as well as the improvement of the life quality. The attitude of the population of Pale toward the importance of cultural and historical heritage protection is examined, as well. The paper also analyzes whether there is a difference in the attitudes of the people with regard to gender, age, education, and employment. For this research, we used a quantitative methodology to analyze respondents? attitudes based on descriptive statistical techniques and nonparametric tests. The main results of our survey revealed that positive residents? attitudes toward cultural heritage prevail. Also, the study revealed that there is no statistically significant difference in the residents? attitudes in relation to gender, but that there is a significant difference in attitudes in relation to age, education, and employment.
Spatial assessment of soil erosion is an important indicator of ecological soil change and global environmental changes. This is especially true for countries with rich forest cover such as Bosnia and Herzegovina. In this study, the risk of soil erosion was assessed using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model and the impact of changes in the forest ecosystem, current conditions were compared with possible future forest management scenarios, and measures and solutions were proposed to reduce soil erodibility in vulnerable areas of the Pale Municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The studied area is at increased risk of soil erosion due to natural conditions (mountain relief, climate change, and the frequency of extreme climatic events—drought and heavy rains, which occur more and more frequently in a short period of time) and due to anthropogenic factors, such as large-scale deforestation and conversion of mountain areas for tourism purposes, tracing and construction of ski slopes and ski resorts in general, and expansion of settlements. All this leads to threats to water conservation areas, landslides, floods, forest fires, and additional reduction of forest areas due to drying of forests and expansion of settlements. GIS as a tool provides us with a quick and accurate way to find possible solutions to problems resulting from the intensive use and inadequate monitoring. In this study, we have tried to offer possible solutions and show the benefits that can be obtained by varying the factors that affect soil erodibility and depend on vegetation cover, that is, land use (C-factor). This study presents the application of RUSLE methods in combination with GIS for the purpose of planning economic activities, such as winter tourism development in the community of Pale. An increase in soil loss due to inappropriate land use was found, with the average annual soil loss due to deforestation in the ski area increasing to 909.43 t ha−1 year−1.
The importance of comparison in geography education is undoubtedly immense. Comparison as a process of thinking represents the oldest method for deriving geographical evidence and it is often used in teaching geography. It can be argued that this method is the most characteristic method for geography as a school subject. In addition to the development of the students’ ability to analyze, synthetize, generalize, and distinguish between the relevant and the irrelevant, this method can also contribute to the development of critical thinking, problem-solving and facilitate conclusion-reaching. With respect to the importance of comparison in geography education, the aim of the research in this paper was set: to determine the attitudes of elementary school students towards comparison as a method of teaching. The attitudes of the students towards comparison in teaching geography and the acquisition of geographical knowledge, as well as in the increase of the students’ interest, motivation and activation in the process were examined. It was also investigated whether there is a difference in students’ attitudes towards the method of comparison in relation to gender, Geography grade and the grade they attend. The surveying method was used. The results of the research show that the students expressed mostly positive attitudes towards the use of the comparison method in teaching geography. The results are also indicative of the importance of a geographical map in the application of the comparison method.
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