Abstract. This study was carried out on a commercial dairy farm located in the South-Moravian region of the Czech Republic. Two video cameras (IP7330 and PZ6122, Vivotek Technology), located over cubicles below the ceiling, provided video recordings, which were taken in 15-min intervals from 02.00 to 08.00 (Period 1 – morning) and from 10.00 to 19.30 (Period 2 – afternoon) one day per week (i.e. on Thursday) from 2 July (week 27) to 15 October (week 42). Air temperatures and humidity were measured every fifteen minutes during the days of behavioural observations using three HOBO data loggers. In order to determine the spatial distribution of dairy cows, the research barn was visually divided into three sectors of equal size: A – closest to the middle of the barn, B – between and C – the edge of the stable. Inside the barn, air temperatures predominantly ranged between 22 °C and 30 °C during Period 2, while in Period 1 they were lower by 5 °C to 11 °C. During Period 1, dairy cows were distributed quite evenly among sectors. Since week 29, however, the number of cows in sector A began to increase in Period 2 and did not return to the normal distribution pattern before week 42. Interestingly, the crowding was observed only during Period 2 and not in Period 1. Crowding began to appear when average daily temperatures increased to 20 °C.
Purpose of this paper is analysis of microclimate parameters in dairy cow barns in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republic of Srpska), and examine the impact of the ventilation on the microclimate inside the barns. The study included 38 dairy barns in the lowland region of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republic of Srpska), during the winter season. The following microclimate parameters were measured: air temperature, relative humidity of air, air velocity and concentration of gases (NH3 and CO2). Statistically significant correlations were determined between NH₃ concentration and air temperature (P<0,001) and between temperature and concentration of CO₂ (P<0,05). Also, are established positive and statistical significant correlation between manure gases (NH₃ and CO₂). The research has also shown that the average concentration of CO₂ in relation to the open area in the barn statistically significant (P<0,05).
The aim of this field study was to describe climatic status in dairy barns in lowland and in mountainous regions of BiH, and to examine correlations between chosen housing parameters and indoor climate. Totally 76 herds were visited once by a team of trained observers in 18 municipalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. All barns in mountain region had tie-stall housing system (MH), while 30 barns in lowland regions had tie-stall system (LTS) and 8 of those loose housing (LLH) with or without cubicles. Presence of CO2 was quite different between groups, the average lowest was found in LLH and it was 627.5 ppm (ranging from 390 – 890), in LTS 936.7 (390-1690), in MH 1105.7 (390-5390). The highest measures roof temperatures were at LTS, and the average was 12.7, while in LLH were 10.49, MH 11.14 and AF 11.70. Mean floor area per animal for all farms was 6 m2/animal, in MH 6.4, LTS 5.4 and LLH 6 m2/animal. Mean barn volume for all farms was 27.9 m3/animal, in MH 25.5, LTS 26.5 and LLH 44.2 m3/animal. Average barn height was 3.6 m for AF, 5.7 m for LLH, 4 m for LTS and 2.8 meters for MH. The negative correlations between construction environment parameters was found for all combinations except for the air velocity in LTS barns. Some of the construction parameters could help in overall estimation of the housing quality in dairy cattle barns.
Agriculture represents a very important economic field in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH). The construction and architectural design of dairy cow facilities depend on many factors, primarily the economic and technological conditions, and the geoclimatic features of the area where construction of the agricultural facility is planned. The agricultural facilities must provide proper accommodation for animals, their good production, adequate microclimatic conditions and their presence must not disturb ecological and aesthetic quality of the environment in which they are located. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the design of facades and the design og agricultural facilities. This paper puts an emphasis on clarifying the approaches used in the design of dairy cow facilities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as contemporary approaches of the European Union (EU). The aim of this paper is to indicate how the new approaches apply to design of these types of objects.
Cow cleanliness in dairy herds with tie stall systems in Bosnia and HerzegovinaThis study involved 70 tie stall dairy herds from all over Bosnia and Herzegovina. In each herd, trained observers scored the cleanliness (score 1 = clean to score 4 = very dirty) of 5 randomly chosen cows, total 350 cows, on 5 different body parts (rear, thigh, leg, udder and belly). Total cleanliness score was calculated by adding together the scores for the different body parts. The observers also recorded data on stall design, flooring and use of bedding materials. The proportion of cows scored as dirty or very dirty (score 3 and 4) was 33.4 %, 50.8 %, 55.1 %, 16.0 % and 18.6 % for the legs, thighs, rear, udder and belly respectively. 57.4 % of the cows got a total cleanliness score > 10. The mean total cleanliness score on herd level varied from 5.2 to 18.8. Tests of each stall design variable showed that tying system (p < 0.05), presence of stall dividers (p < 0.05) and manure system (p < 0.05) had a significant effect on total cow cleanliness, the use of bedding material (p > 0.15) and floor type (p > 0.15) had smaller effect. However, only the presence of stall dividers showed significant association to total cleanliness score in the full statistical model (p < 0.05). Čistoča krav v čredah krav molznic z vezano rejo v Bosni in HercegoviniV študijo je bilo vključenih 70 čred krav molznic z vezano rejo v Bosni in Hercegovini. Čistost krav v vsaki čredi so ocenili usposobljeni opazovalci (ocena od 1 do 4, 1 = čisto, 4 = zelo umazano) na osnovi petih naključno izbranih krav. Skupaj so pri 350 kravah ocenili čistost na petih različnih delih telesa (zadnjica, stegna, noge, vime in trebuh). Skupno čistočo smo ocenili s seštevanjem ocen za različne dele telesa. Opazovalci so zabeležili tudi podatke o tipu stojišč, vrsti tal in o uporabi materialov za nastil. Delež krav, ki so bile ocenjene kot umazane ali zelo umazane (oceni 3 in 4), je bil 33,4 % za čistost nog, 50,8 % za stegna, 55,1 % za zadnjico, 16,0 % za vime in 18,6 % za trebuh. Skupno oceno za čistost > 10 je dobilo 57,4 % krav. Povprečna skupna čistost na ravni črede je bila od 5,2 do 18,8. Analiza različnih tipov reje je pokazala, da so način privezovanja (p < 0,05), razdelilne ograje (p < 0,05) in sistem odstranjevanja gnoja (p < 0,05) pomembno vplivali na čistočo krav, v manjši meri pa vrsta nastila (p > 0,15) in vrsta tal (p > 0,15). V skupnem statističnem modelu je samo prisotnost razdelilnih ograj pokazala statistično značilno (p < 0,05) povezavo s skupno oceno čistosti živali.Ključne besede: govedo; krave; molznice; uhlevitev; vezana reja; čistoča; Bosna in Hercegovina that 80 % of the dairy herds in the lowland region and all dairy herds in the mountainous regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina were tie-stall housed. This is similar to the situation found in some EU countries, e.g. in Austria, approximately 18 % of dairy farms provide loosehousing whereas 82 % use a tethered husbandry system
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