Rising energy costs, losses in the present-day electricity grid, risks from nuclear power generation, and global environmental changes are motivating a transformation of the conventional ways of generating electricity. Globally, there is a desire to rely more on renewable energy resources (RERs) for electricity generation. RERs reduce green house gas emissions and may have economic benefits, e.g., through applying demand side management with dynamic pricing so as to shift loads from fossil fuel-based generators to RERs. The electricity grid is presently evolving towards an intelligent grid, the so-called smart grid (SG). One of the major goals of the future SG is to move towards 100% electricity generation from RERs, i.e., towards a 100% renewable grid. However, the disparate, intermittent, and typically widely geographically distributed nature of RERs complicates the integration of RERs into the SG. Moreover, individual RERs have generally lower capacity than conventional fossil-fuel plants, and these RERs are based on a wide spectrum of different technologies. In this article, we give an overview of recent efforts that aim to integrate RERs into the SG. We outline the integration of RERs into the SG along with their supporting communication networks. We also discuss ongoing projects that seek to integrate RERs into the SG around the globe. Finally, we outline future research directions on integrating RERs into the SG. Index Terms-Renewable energy resources (RERs), Distributed energy resources (DERs), Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), Communication architecture, Smart grid (SG). I. INTRODUCTION A. Motivation: Need for Integration of Renewable Energy Resources with Smart Grid Nowadays, there is a high demand for renewable energy and this demand is increasing due to rising energy cost and global environmental changes. The existing power grid relies heavily on conventional fossil fuel-based electricity generation units. Moving electrical energy from these generation units
-We propose an approach for opportunistic forwarding that supports optimization of multipoint high volume data flow transfer while maintaining high buffer availability and low delays. This paper explores a number of social, buffer and delay heuristics to offload the traffic from congested parts of the network and spread it over less congested parts of the network in order to keep low delays, high success ratios and high availability of nodes. We conduct an extensive set of experiments for assessing the performance of four newly proposed heuristics and compare them with Epidemic, Prophet, Spay and Wait and Spay and Focus protocols over real connectivity driven traces (RollerNet) and with a realistic publish subscribe filecasting application. We look into success ratio of answered queries, download times (delays) and availability of buffer across eight protocols for varying congestion levels in the face of increasing number of publishers and topic popularity. We show that all of our combined metrics perform better than Epidemic protocol, Prophet, Spray and Wait, Spray and Focus and our previous prototype across all the assessed criteria.
This paper investigates complex challenges of opportunistic discovery of content stored in remote mobile devices and delivery to the requesting nodes in heterogeneous mobile disconnection prone environments. We propose new latency aware collaborative cognitive caching approach suitable for content dissemination and query in heterogeneous opportunistic mobile networks and dynamic workloads. Utilising fully localised and ego networks multi-layer predictive heuristics about dynamically changing topology, dynamic resources and varying popularity content, our cognitive caching achieves high success ratio, low delays and high caching efficiency for very different real world dynamically changing mobile topologies.
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