Integrating Renewable Energy Resources Into the Smart Grid: Recent Developments in Information and Communication Technologies

Abstract

Rising energy costs, losses in the present-day electricity grid, risks from nuclear power generation, and global environmental changes are motivating a transformation of the conventional ways of generating electricity. Globally, there is a desire to rely more on renewable energy resources (RERs) for electricity generation. RERs reduce green house gas emissions and may have economic benefits, e.g., through applying demand side management with dynamic pricing so as to shift loads from fossil fuel-based generators to RERs. The electricity grid is presently evolving towards an intelligent grid, the so-called smart grid (SG). One of the major goals of the future SG is to move towards 100% electricity generation from RERs, i.e., towards a 100% renewable grid. However, the disparate, intermittent, and typically widely geographically distributed nature of RERs complicates the integration of RERs into the SG. Moreover, individual RERs have generally lower capacity than conventional fossil-fuel plants, and these RERs are based on a wide spectrum of different technologies. In this article, we give an overview of recent efforts that aim to integrate RERs into the SG. We outline the integration of RERs into the SG along with their supporting communication networks. We also discuss ongoing projects that seek to integrate RERs into the SG around the globe. Finally, we outline future research directions on integrating RERs into the SG. Index Terms-Renewable energy resources (RERs), Distributed energy resources (DERs), Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), Communication architecture, Smart grid (SG). I. INTRODUCTION A. Motivation: Need for Integration of Renewable Energy Resources with Smart Grid Nowadays, there is a high demand for renewable energy and this demand is increasing due to rising energy cost and global environmental changes. The existing power grid relies heavily on conventional fossil fuel-based electricity generation units. Moving electrical energy from these generation units

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