39River incision into bedrock resulting from the combined effects of tectonic uplift and 40 climate governs long-term regional landscape evolution. We determined spatial and 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176
Sensing advances in plant phenotyping are of vital importance in basic and applied plant research. Plant phenotyping enables the modeling of complex shapes, which is useful, for example, in decision-making for agronomic management. In this sense, 3D processing algorithms for plant modeling is expanding rapidly with the emergence of new sensors and techniques designed to morphologically characterize. However, there are still some technical aspects to be improved, such as an accurate reconstruction of end-details. This study adapted low-cost techniques, Structure from Motion (SfM) and MultiView Stereo (MVS), to create 3D models for reconstructing plants of three weed species with contrasting shape and plant structures. Plant reconstruction was developed by applying SfM algorithms to an input set of digital images acquired sequentially following a track that was concentric and equidistant with respect to the plant axis and using three different angles, from a perpendicular to top view, which guaranteed the necessary overlap between images to obtain high precision 3D models. With this information, a dense point cloud was created using MVS, from which a 3D polygon mesh representing every plants’ shape and geometry was generated. These 3D models were validated with ground truth values (e.g., plant height, leaf area (LA) and plant dry biomass) using regression methods. The results showed, in general, a good consistency in the correlation equations between the estimated values in the models and the actual values measured in the weed plants. Indeed, 3D modeling using SfM algorithms proved to be a valuable methodology for weed phenotyping, since it accurately estimated the actual values of plant height and LA. Additionally, image processing using the SfM method was relatively fast. Consequently, our results indicate the potential of this budget system for plant reconstruction at high detail, which may be usable in several scenarios, including outdoor conditions. Future research should address other issues, such as the time-cost relationship and the need for detail in the different approaches.
RESUMEN.En la cuenca del río Alcanadre (Depresión del Ebro, provincia de Huesca) se desarrolla una extensa secuencia de terrazas cuaternarias encajadas de tipo strath compuesta por nueve niveles (de Qt1 a Qt9). Se aportan nuevos datos cartográficos, altimétricos, estratigráficos, pedogenéticos y cronológicos. El ambiente sedimentario está formado por sistemas fluviales entrelazados que incrementan el nivel de confinamiento conforme se encaja el drenaje. La morfología del carbonato edáfico alcanza estadios de máximo desarrollo (VI) con la edad. A partir de datos paleomagnéticos, y de manera tentativa, el nivel más antiguo Qt1 podría situarse cerca de los 1000 ka y el nivel Qt3 estaría en el entorno de los 780 ka. Mediante dataciones numéricas de Luminiscencia Ópticamente Estimulada (OSL) se han obtenido edades de 44 ± 2 ka, 19 ± 2 ka y 10 ± 1 ka para los niveles Qt5, Qt6 y Qt7. Estas terrazas presentan una buena correlación con registros fluviales regionales localizados en cuencas hidrológicas con cabeceras no glaciadas. Su formación se relaciona a escala global con los períodos MIS3, LGM y YD, respectivamente, de características frías. El escenario paleoambiental estaría dominado por condiciones periglaciares, de manera que la alta disponibilidad de sedimentos en las laderas y el régimen estacional de las precipitaciones conducirían a la agradación fluvial. The sequence of Quaternary fluvial terraces of the Alcanadre River (Huesca): characterization and paleoenvironmental aspects ABSTRACT. A very extensive sequence of Quaternary fluvial terraces composed of nine strath levels (from Qt1 to Qt9) has been recognized in the Alcanadre River valley (Ebro basin, Huesca province). New mapping, altimetric, stratigraphic,Nº 39 (1) pp. 159-178 ISSN 0211-6820 Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 2013 © Universidad de La Rioja 160 Calle et al. CIG 39 (1), 2013, p. 159-178, ISSN 0211-6820 pedogenic and chronological data have been supplied. A braided fluvial sedimentary environment is deduced. The confinement of the fluvial system increases as a response to drainage incision. Pedogenic carbonate morphology reaches highest development (stage VI) with the age. Palaeomagnetic data indicate that, tentatively, the age of Qt1 is near 1000 ky and the age of Qt2 is around 780 ky. In addition, numerical ages of Qt5, Qt6 and Qt7 are 44 ± 2 ky, 19 ± 2 ky and 10 ± 1 ky respectively by using Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL). This Upper Pleistocene chronology matches well with the regional fluvial chronostratigraphy recorded in non-glaciated river valleys. It is correlated to cold periods MIS3, LGM and YD at global scale. In a palaeoenvironmental scenario dominated by periglacial conditions, fluvial aggradation is enhanced by high sediment supply from slopes and a seasonal behaviour of rainfalls. Palabras clave: terrazas fluviales, cambio climático, Pleistoceno, Sierras Exteriores-Cuenca del Ebro.
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