This study elucidated the relationship-focused coping patterns of Japanese child-rearing couples. Participants were 101 Japanese couples with at least one pre-school child who was attending one of four daycare centres. Questionnaires included a Japanese version of the relationship-focused coping questionnaire, the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale, and the WHO-5 Well-Being Index. Cluster analysis revealed three relationship-focused coping patterns: ‘wife escapes/husband combines’, ‘mutual active relationship maintenance couples’, and ‘wife engages/husband combines’. Our study showed that relationship-focused coping has multidimensional aspects within couples. Furthermore, mutual active relationship maintenance after marital conflict within couples is important for their marital satisfaction.
The purpose of the current study was to investigate how the potential multifactors influence mothers' emotion socialization. This study involved 300 Japanese-speaking married mothers with 2-5-year-old children, who answered a series of measures of emotion socialization (coaching, dismissing, dysfunction, and non-involvement), emotion regulation strategy (reappraisal and expressive suppression), psychopathology (anxiety and depression), and perceived parenting alliance with their partners. (a) Hierarchical multiple regression analyses demonstrated different effects between maternal anxiety and depression, such that higher levels of depression were associated with less coaching and higher levels of anxiety were associated with more dismissing and dysfunction. (b) Moreover, maternal emotion regulation was significant even when controlling for psychopathology, in which reappraisal had significant positive association with coaching and, conversely, expressive suppression had significant negative association with coaching and positive associations with non-involvement, dismissing, and dysfunction. (c) Additionally, moderation analysis revealed that a greater use of reappraisal was associated with more coaching, and this relation was strongest in lower levels of parenting alliance. Similarly, a greater use of reappraisal was associated with less dysfunction only when parenting alliance was low. Reappraisal may be effective in promoting supportive emotion socialization and buffering the negative effect of lower parenting alliance on unsupportive emotion socialization. Based on Belsky's process of parenting model, we incorporate maternal psychopathology, emotion regulation, and perceived parenting alliance into one model of influencing maternal emotion socialization and highlight the unique role of emotion regulation.
The present study involves the construction of a measure called the Japanese version of the Parental Meta-Emotion Philosophy about Anger Questionnaire (PMEPA-J) and examination of its reliability and validity. Participants consisted of 272 mothers of children aged 2-5 years who completed the PMEPA-J and other questionnaires. Confirmation factor analysis yielded a 19-item, 4-factor structure with the following factors: Coaching, Non-Involvement, Dysfunction, and Dismissing. Cronbach's α values were .75−.89 and ω values were .78−.89, which indicated adequate internal consistency. The sub-scales were correlated in the expected directions with other measures in the Parental Attitude and Parenting Self-Efficacy Scales. Coaching was significantly positively correlated with "Parenting Self-Efficacy", "Acceptance and Child-Centeredness" and negatively correlated with "Inconsistent and Lax Discipline" as well as "Control". In contrast, Non-Involvement, Dysfunction, and Dismissing were significantly negatively correlated with "Parenting Self-Efficacy", "Acceptance and Child-Centeredness" and positively correlated with "Inconsistent and Lax Discipline" as well as "Control".
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