= observed value 0 = without solid particles [kg-m"3] [N-m"1]

The reaction mechanism of a manganese precursor, tris͑dipivaloylmethanato͒manganese ͓Mn͑DPM͒ 3 ͔, was investigated in liquid delivery metallorganic chemical vapor deposition ͑MOCVD͒ of manganese oxide films. The behavior of Mn͑DPM͒ 3 in the gas phase was analyzed under actual CVD conditions by in situ infrared absorption spectroscopy. The temperature dependence of the infrared absorption indicates that Mn͑DPM͒ 3 was decomposed in the gas phase under the actual deposition conditions. We discuss the correlation between the thermal decomposition of Mn͑DPM͒ 3 in the gas phase and film deposition of manganese oxides. When the substrate temperature is raised above 360°C, the deposition rate decreases, synchronized with the decrease of the infrared absorption by Mn͑DPM͒ 3 in the gas phase. The oxidation state of Mn in the deposited films was also investigated by highresolution X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. No significant difference in the oxidation state of Mn is found between the deposited films and the starting source material, Mn͑DPM͒ 3 .Manganese-containing oxides have been receiving much attention due to their interesting physical and chemical properties and their related applications to rechargeable batteries, catalysts, sensors, and magnetic devices. Thin films of manganese-containing oxides have been synthesized by various deposition methods. From the viewpoint of practical use in device processes, metallorganic chemical vapor deposition ͑MOCVD͒ is regarded as one of the most promising techniques for the deposition of manganese-containing oxide films because of its excellent step coverage and good composition controllability. The MOCVD technique using liquid source delivery has the advantage of providing a stable and efficient supply of source materials. Although intensive work has been performed for process development, 1-3 the deposition chemistry is still not well understood in the liquid source MOCVD of manganese oxide films. In view of a lack of established guiding principles to control film quality, attempts to accumulate experimental data on gas-phase and surface reactions under actual CVD conditions are necessary to understand the film deposition mechanism. Recently, we have demonstrated that spectroscopic techniques such as in situ infrared absorption spectroscopy 4-10 and microdischarge optical emission spectroscopy 11,12 are useful for studying gas-phase reactions of various MOCVD precursors.In this work, in situ infrared absorption spectroscopy was employed under actual liquid delivery CVD conditions to understand gas-phase reactions of a manganese precursor, tris͑dipivaloylmetha-nato͒manganese ͓Mn͑DPM͒ 3 ,Mn͑C 11 H 19 O 2 ͒ 3 ͔. The chemical structure of Mn͑DPM͒ 3 is shown in Fig. 1. We observed the temperature dependence of the infrared absorbance and measured the deposition rate and atomic composition of the deposited films. The spectroscopic data on the gas-phase reactions, such as thermal decomposition and oxidation, were correlated with the characteristics of the deposited oxide films. Figur...

Objectives(a) To assess the effects of computed tomography (CT) scanners, scanning conditions, airway size, and phantom composition on airway dimension measurement and (b) to investigate the limitations of accurate quantitative assessment of small airways using CT images.MethodsAn airway phantom, which was constructed using various types of material and with various tube sizes, was scanned using four CT scanner types under different conditions to calculate airway dimensions, luminal area (Ai), and the wall area percentage (WA%). To investigate the limitations of accurate airway dimension measurement, we then developed a second airway phantom with a thinner tube wall, and compared the clinical CT images of healthy subjects with the phantom images scanned using the same CT scanner. The study using clinical CT images was approved by the local ethics committee, and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA.ResultsErrors noted in airway dimension measurement were greater in the tube of small inner radius made of material with a high CT density and on images reconstructed by body algorithm (p<0.001), and there was some variation in error among CT scanners under different fields of view. Airway wall thickness had the maximum effect on the accuracy of measurements with all CT scanners under all scanning conditions, and the magnitude of errors for WA% and Ai varied depending on wall thickness when airways of <1.0-mm wall thickness were measured.ConclusionsThe parameters of airway dimensions measured were affected by airway size, reconstruction algorithm, composition of the airway phantom, and CT scanner types. In dimension measurement of small airways with wall thickness of <1.0 mm, the accuracy of measurement according to quantitative CT parameters can decrease as the walls become thinner.

A post-proline cleaving enzyme [prolyl endopeptidase, EC 3.4.21.26] was purified about 3,700-fold from an extract of bovine brain by a series of column chromatographies on DEAE-Sephadex, hydroxyapatite and PCMB-T-Sepharose, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 using N-carbobenzoxy-Gly-Pro-beta-naphthylamide (Z-Gly-Pro-2-NNap), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and oxytocin as substrates. The purified enzyme appeared homogeneous as judged by disc gel and SDS gel electrophoreses. The enzyme was most active at pH 7.5 and 7.2 with Z-Gly-Pro-2-NNap and TRH, respectively, and hydrolyzed peptide bonds involving Pro-X (X=amino acid, peptide, ester and amide) bonds of synthetic substrates, oxytocin, vasopressin, neurotensin, substance P, tuftsin, bradykinin, and insulin B chain. However, the enzyme was inert toward collagen, gelatin, and casein. The enzyme was completely inactivated by diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP), Z-Gly-Pro-chloromethyl ketone and p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), while it was not inhibited by phenylmethane sulfonylfluoride (PMSF) or metal chelators. Determination of the amino acid composition revealed that the enzyme contained 25 half-cystines. Modification of three cysteine residues of the enzyme by PCMB led to complete inactivation. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 4.8, and the molecular weight was estimated to be 76,000 by ultracentrifugal analysis and 75,000-74,000 by both gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis, suggesting that the enzyme is present as a monomer. These results indicate that the post-proline cleaving enzyme from bovine brain is very similar to those previously purified from lamb brain and kidney in its enzymatic properties, substrate specificity and physicochemical properties, in sharp contrast with the results obtained by Tate, who reported that the bovine brain prolyl endopeptidase was inert toward oxytocin, vasopressin and bradykinin.

We report on the direct relationship between output power and the current carrying capability of a squirrel-cage HTS induction/synchronous motor based on experiment. The secondary windings are fabricated by use of so-called DI-BSCCO tapes, and the conventional (normal conducting) stator, three-phase and four-pole, is utilized. The tests are carried out in liquid nitrogen for two kinds of HTS windings, in which the number of HTS rotor bars is varied. It is directly shown that the output power is proportional to the rotor bars’ critical current at 77 K. In other words, the torque can be enlarged by increasing the critical current of the HTS rotor bars.