This study elucidated the relationship-focused coping patterns of Japanese child-rearing couples. Participants were 101 Japanese couples with at least one pre-school child who was attending one of four daycare centres. Questionnaires included a Japanese version of the relationship-focused coping questionnaire, the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale, and the WHO-5 Well-Being Index. Cluster analysis revealed three relationship-focused coping patterns: ‘wife escapes/husband combines’, ‘mutual active relationship maintenance couples’, and ‘wife engages/husband combines’. Our study showed that relationship-focused coping has multidimensional aspects within couples. Furthermore, mutual active relationship maintenance after marital conflict within couples is important for their marital satisfaction.
This paper examines the definitions and measurement scales for financial literacy presented in previous studies in order to develop a new financial literacy scale. The early definition of financial literacy basically meant "financial knowledge," but the latest definition has been extended to include or refer to consumers' financial behaviours, consumers' interactions with their social and economic environments, and the effect of cognitive biases on consumers' financial behaviours. On the other hand, conventional measurement scales for financial literacy are generally composed of declarative knowledge questions and numerical ability tests concerning personal finance. This paper addresses the fact that previous financial literacy scales have been based on the traditional concept of "Homo economicus". We suggest that it is necessary to develop a new financial literacy scale that is comprised of critical thinking disposition such as "awareness for logical thinking" or "evidence-based judgment."
We aimed to investigate the actual state on children's self-determination behavior in Japan, China, and South Korea. A questionnaire survey was given to 4th, 6th, and 8th grade students and their guardians (649 children and 683 guardians in Japan, 795 children and 911 guardians in China, and 756 children and 596 guardians in South Korea). Five factors of self-determination behaviors for guardians and children were extracted by factor analysis: daily routine, time management, types of activities, unusual occasion, and career choice for guardians; and daily routine, time management, career choice, unusual occasion, and play for children. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that guardians from all three countries, except area of career choice, were aware that their children should have more self-determination as they become junior high students, and Japanese guardians were generally more aware than South Korean and Chinese guardians. Furthermore, for children, the results of the frequency of self-determination were the same in Japan and China; i.e., the frequency increased as the children became older, but this increase was not notable in South Korea. A comparison of the three countries showed that children in Japan had a higher awareness of self-determination than children in China and South Korea.
<Key-words>Self-determination, children, guardians,
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