a b s t r a c tDrag-and-drop is probably one of the most successful and generic representations of direct manipulation in today's WIMP interfaces. At the same time, emerging new interactive environments such as distributed display environments or large display surface environments have revealed the need for an evolution of drag-and-drop to address new challenges. In this context, several extensions of drag-and-drop have been proposed over the past years. However, implementations for these extensions are difficult to reproduce, integrate and extend. This situation hampers the development or integration of advanced drag-and-drop techniques in applications.The aim of this paper is to propose a unifying implementation model of drag-and-drop and of its extensions. This model-called M-CIU-aims at facilitating the implementation of advanced drag-and-drop support by offering solutions to problems typical of new emerging environments. The model builds upon a synthesis of drag-and-drop implementations, an analysis of requirements for meeting new challenges and a dedicated interaction model based on instrumental interaction. By using this model, a programmer will be able to implement advanced drag-and-drop supporting (1) multi-display environments, (2) large display surfaces and (3) multi-user systems. Furthermore by unifying the implementation of all existing drag-and-drop approaches, this model also provides flexibility by allowing users (or applications) to select the most appropriate drag-and-drop technique depending on the context of use. For example, a user might prefer to use pick-and-drop when interacting with multiple displays attached to multiple computers, push-and-throw or drag-and-throw when interacting with large displays and possibly standard drag-and-drop in a more traditional context. Finally, in order to illustrate the various benefits of this model, we provide an API called PoIP which is a Java-based implementation of the model that can be used with most Java-based applications. We also describe Orchis, an interactive graphical application used to share bookmarks and that uses PoIP to implement distributed drag-and-drop like interactions.
Sometimes users fail to notice a change that just took place on their display. For example, the user may have accidentally deleted an icon or a remote collaborator may have changed settings in a control panel. Animated transitions can help, but they force users to wait for the animation to complete. This can be cumbersome, especially in situations where users did not need an explanation. We propose a different approach. Phosphor objects show the outcome of their transition instantly; at the same time they explain their change in retrospect. Manipulating a phosphor slider, for example, leaves an afterglow that illustrates how the knob moved. The parallelism of instant outcome and explanation supports both types of users. Users who already understood the transition can continue interacting without delay, while those who are inexperienced or may have been distracted can take time to view the effects at their own pace. We present a framework of transition designs for widgets, icons, and objects in drawing programs. We evaluate phosphor objects in two user studies and report significant performance benefits for phosphor objects.
In this paper, our aim is to facilitate synchronous and co-present interaction with social bookmarking systems for groups of related users meeting to discuss and share their collections of tags and bookmarks. Our work results in a system called Orchis that proposes a graphical user interface based on cooperative visualization and interaction as an alternative graphical user interface for social bookmarking systems. Orchis presents three major characteristics: (1) graphical overviews of collections of annotated bookmarks and tags, (2) advanced drag-and-drop interaction styles adaptable to distributed display environments and (3) support for distributed architectures possibly running different windowing systems. Our hypothesis is that by using Orchis, related users will be able to better compare and share tags and bookmarks. They will also be able to build cooperatively valuable shared collections. We expect that, in turn, this will participate in improving the overall quality of both folksonomies and social bookmarking collections.
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