Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co‐occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data.

The genetic variation of Brazilian populations of the mouse opossum Gracilinanus agilis was analyzed on the basis of the mitochondrial Cytochrome b gene (mt-Cytb) and the exon 28 of the nuclear Von Willenbrand factor (e28-vWF). The radiation of Gracilinanus was dated at 4.80 Ma, with the appearance of G. agilis around 1.93 Ma. Gracilinanus aceramarcae appeared as the first offshoot of the genus, followed by Gracilinanus emiliae and Gracilinanus microtarsus, which composed a sister clade of G. agilis. Phylogeographic analyses and genetic distance estimates indicate G. agilis as a single species, with haplotypes grouping in three well-supported clades, one from midwestern Brazil, a second one from northeastern Brazil, and a third one from eastern Brazil. Phylogeographic patterns in G. agilis were interpreted in search for congruence between genetic breaks and historic geomorphologic events documented for the region stretching northeastern to central-western of the Brazilian shield. The Rio São Francisco and the Serra Geral de Goiás were found to represent relevant geographic barriers to gene flow for G. agilis populations as well as for populations of several other widespread taxa.

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal‐central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation‐related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data.

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Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non‐detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non‐governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer‐reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non‐detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio‐temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large‐scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data.

The Brazilian Atlantic rainforest is considered one of the most diverse and threatened biomes on the planet (Galindo-leal & Camara 2005). Its level of endemism is up to 90% for some groups of organisms, and its overall 50% average endemism is surpassed only by the Amazon forest (Costa et al. 2003). Among the endemic Atlantic Forest mammals, there are several species of Echimyidae, the most diverse hystricognath rodent family in South America (Patton et al. 2015). The Atlantic Forest echimyids are grouped into five genera. Three are monoespecific, [Kannabateomys amblyonyx (Wagner, 1845), Callistomys pictus (Pictet, 1843) and Euryzygomatomys spinosus (G. Fisher, 1814)], while the other two are speciose (Phyllomys Lund, 1839 and Trinomys Thomas, 1921) (loss & leite 2011). Phyllomys belongs to an arboreal radiation of echimyid rodents distributed in forested areas in eastern Brazil, from the states of Paraíba and Ceará (ca. 7°S) in the Northeast, to Rio Grande do Sul (ca. 30°S) in the South, reaching the São Francisco and Paraná river basins to the west at approximately 54°W (leite 2003). Throughout this large distribution, Phyllomys dwells predominantly in the broadleaf evergreen forests of the coastal Atlantic Forest and associated habitats such as Araucaria forests and mangroves. Additionally, it inhabits the semi deciduous forests of the Caatinga and Cerrado (leite 2003, CamPos & PerCequillo 2007). There are 13 described species of Phyllomys, four of which, based on records of very few specimens, seem to have restricted distribution: Phyllomys kerri (Moojen, 1950), with three collected specimens in 1941 at Ubatuba, state of São Paulo, Phyllomys lundi Leite, 2003 with two collected specimens, and Phyllomys mantiqueirensis Leite, 2003 and Phyllomys. unicolor (Wagner, 1842), both known only from their respective holotypes (loss & leite 2011). The limited numbers of collected specimens result from the fact that collecting these arboreal and elusive species is difficult. Herein we report on the capture of the third known specimen of P. lundi, and present the results of a phylogenetic analysis of Phyllomys. One adult female specimen (field number MBF 340) of P. lundi was captured in the municipality of Alto Jequitibá, at the protected area "Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural (RPPN) Refúgio dos Sauás", in eastern Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, near the border with Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro, latitude-20.4868 and longitude-42.0399, altitude around 400 m (Fig. 1). The animal was collected using a Sherman live trap placed 1.5 meters high in the forest understory.

A ecologia trófica de morcegos do Brasil continua pouco conhecida, não sendo até então, considerado a predação como algo significativo para a mortalidade desses animais. Apesar de haver poucos registros dessas interações, é sabido que, muitos animais com comportamento oportunista podem predá-los ocasionalmente. Este trabalho teve como objetivo relatar a predação oportunista de morcegos no Brasil, através de uma revisão bibliográfica das espécies que predaram morcegos em redes de neblina e em ambientes naturais, bem como, discorrer a viabilidade de essas interações serem habituais. O levantamento de dados foi feito a partir de revisão de literatura através de buscadores online, utilizando palavras-chaves em português e inglês. Localizamos cinquenta e três publicações relatando predações, nestas identificamos quarenta e nove vertebrados e dois invertebrados agindo como predadores fortuitos de morcegos. Esses registros são importantes para compreender se há um impacto efetivo na população de morcegos, além de agregar conhecimento aos estudos de chiropterofauna e consequentemente, sobre os hábitos alimentares dos predadores.

The Amazonian rainforest harbors one of the most diverse mammal faunas found anywhere in the world, although this fauna is still poorly known. Inventories are essential for the understanding of the biology and ecology of species, and provide basic data for conservation. Over 15 years of sampling in the Saracá-Taquera National Forest, we recorded 72 species of small (nonvolant), medium, and large mammals belonging to 30 families in 10 orders. These taxa included 29 species endemic to the Amazon biome, and 14 classified as threatened with extinction. Overall, the mammalian species richness recorded in the present study was equal to or greater than that recorded in other Amazonian studies, reflecting high levels of diversity on a biogeographic scale. This reinforces the importance of this national forest for the maintenance of the region's mammalian fauna. Some of the species were recorded in the region for the first time, thus extending their known geographic distribution.