The human genome project has been recently complemented by whole-genome assessment sequence of 32 mammals and 24 nonmammalian vertebrate species suitable for comparative genomic analyses. Here we anticipate a precipitous drop in costs and increase in sequencing efficiency, with concomitant development of improved annotation technology and, therefore, propose to create a collection of tissue and DNA specimens for 10,000 vertebrate species specifically designated for whole-genome sequencing in the very near future. For this purpose, we, the Genome 10K Community of Scientists (G10KCOS), will assemble and allocate a biospecimen collection of some 16,203 representative vertebrate species spanning evolutionary diversity across living mammals, birds, nonavian reptiles, amphibians, and fishes (ca. 60,000 living species). In this proposal, we present precise counts for these 16,203 individual species with specimens presently tagged and stipulated for DNA sequencing by the G10KCOS. DNA sequencing has ushered in a new era of investigation in the biological sciences, allowing us to embark for the first time on a truly comprehensive study of vertebrate evolution, the results of which will touch nearly every aspect of vertebrate biological enquiry.

Two Atlantic Forests and two Cerrado areas in Brazil were sampled for non-flying small mammal fauna. In each biome one area with altered and another with almost unaltered vegetation (national parks), were chosen to investigate these fauna. Species richness of Atlantic Forest and Cerrado was comparable in the conserved as well as in the altered areas. Data suggested that species could be divided into different ecological categories according to distribution, use of altered and/or relatively unaltered vegetation and habitat specificity. Within these ecological categories some species are appropriate indicators for monitoring environmental quality and degradation. Useful guidelines for wildlife management planning, including selecting areas for conservation units and their better boundary delimitation can ensue.Key words: Brazil, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, small rodents, marsupials. RESUMOPequenos mamíferos não voadores de áreas conservadas e alteradas da Floresta Atlântica e do Cerrado: comentários sobre seu uso potencial no monitoramento ambiental A fauna de pequenos mamíferos não voadores foi amostrada em duas áreas localizadas na Floresta Atlântica e duas no Cerrado, no Brasil. Em cada bioma foram escolhidas uma área alterada e outra com vegetação pouco alterada (parques nacionais) para investigar essa fauna. A riqueza de espécies da Floresta Atlântica e do Cerrado foi comparável nas áreas com vegetação conservada e nas áreas com vegetação pouco alterada. Os dados sugerem que as espécies podem ser divididas em diferentes categorias ecológicas de acordo com sua distribuição, uso da vegetação alterada e/ou pouco alterada e especificidade do habitat. Dentro dessas categorias ecológicas algumas espécies são indicadores apropriados para monitorar a qualidade e degradação ambiental. Conseqüentemente, são ferramentas úteis para o planejamento do manejo da vida silvestre, incluindo seleção de áreas para unidades de conservação e delimitação mais adequada.Palavras-chave: Brasil, Cerrado, Floresta Atlântica, pequenos roedores, marsupiais.Braz. J. Biol., 62(4B): 765-774, 2002 766 BONVICINO, C. R., LINDBERGH, S. M. and MAROJA, L. S.

Foamy viruses naturally infect a wide range of mammals, including Old World (OWP) and New World primates (NWP), which are collectively called simian foamy viruses (SFV). While NWP species in Central and South America are highly diverse, only SFV from captive marmoset, spider monkey, and squirrel monkey have been genetically characterized and the molecular epidemiology of SFV infection in NWPs remains unknown. We tested a large collection of genomic DNA (n  = 332) comprising 14 genera of NWP species for the presence of SFV polymerase (pol) sequences using generic PCR primers. Further molecular characterization of positive samples was carried out by LTR-gag and larger pol sequence analysis. We identified novel SFVs infecting nine NWP genera. Prevalence rates varied between 14–30% in different species for which at least 10 specimens were tested. High SFV genetic diversity among NWP up to 50% in LTR-gag and 40% in pol was revealed by intragenus and intrafamilial comparisons. Two different SFV strains infecting two captive yellow-breasted capuchins did not group in species-specific lineages but rather clustered with SFVs from marmoset and spider monkeys, indicating independent cross-species transmission events. We describe the first SFV epidemiology study of NWP, and the first evidence of SFV infection in wild NWPs. We also document a wide distribution of distinct SFVs in 14 NWP genera, including two novel co-speciating SFVs in capuchins and howler monkeys, suggestive of an ancient evolutionary history in NWPs for at least 28 million years. A high SFV genetic diversity was seen among NWP, yet these viruses seem able to jump between NWP species and even genera. Our results raise concerns for the risk of zoonotic transmission of NWP SFV to humans as these primates are regularly hunted for food or kept as pets in forest regions of South America.

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