Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal‐central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation‐related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data.

ResumoA fragmentação de hábitat é uma das principais causas do declínio das espécies em várias regiões do mundo. No bioma Cerrado, não é diferente. Considerado como uma das regiões mais ricas e ameaçadas do planeta, pouco se sabe sobre o efeito da fragmentação na sua biodiversidade. A infl uência da fragmentação sobre a distribuição de mamíferos carnívoros foi avaliada por meio de armadilhas fotográfi cas na região de Aruanã, Goiás. Foram registradas 8 espécies de carnívoros em 10 dos 13 fragmentos amostrados. Área e isolamento não exerceram infl uência signifi cativa na distribuição dessas espécies. Alguns carnívoros de grande porte como a onça-pintada foram registrados tanto em fragmentos grandes quanto em pequenos. Isso não signifi ca que suportem populações viáveis, mas que podem ser utilizados, eventualmente, como fonte temporária de recursos. Uma análise mais acurada da paisagem pode indicar as condições de permanência dessas espécies na região, em especial aquelas de maior porte ou as ameaçadas de extinção.Palavras-chave: fragmentação, Cerrado, área, isolamento, carnívoros. AbstractThe habitat fragmentation is a major cause of the decline of species in various regions of the world, and in the Brazilian savanna of Cerrado is no different. Regarded as one of the richest and most threatened ecoregions of the world, little is known about the effects of fragmentation on its biodiversity. The infl uence of fragmentation on the distribution of carnivorous mammals was evaluated by camera traps in the region of Aruanã, in Goiás State. There were recorded 8 species of carnivores in 10 of the 13 fragments sampled. Area and isolation did not have a signifi cant infl uence over the distribution of these species. Some large carnivores such as jaguars were recorded in both large and small fragments, which does not mean that support viable populations but they could be used as a temporary source of recourse. A detailed analysis could be employed to verify the real survival conditions of species, particularly larger endangered species.

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non‐detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non‐governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer‐reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non‐detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio‐temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large‐scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data.

Desmodus rotundus (É. Geoffroy, 1810) feeds preferably on mammal blood, including livestock animals, such as bovine cattle. In spite of using native preys in the wild, records of this feeding activity are scarce. In the present study, we investigated the foraging activity of D. rotundus based on video footage from camera traps in Atlantic Forest fragments in southern Goiás State, Brazil. Out of 23 mammal species recorded in the study area, four had interactions with Desmodus rotundus (Priodontes maximus, Tapirus terrestris, Mazama americana and Pecari tajacu). The records were obtained from early night to sunrise. There was a correlation between abundance of potential preys and the choice of the target by D. rotundus. Most of the bat-prey interaction occurred on the edge of fragments. The present study records for the first time the potential use of the collared peccary (P. tajacu) and the giant armadillo (P. maximus) in the diet of D. rotundus.

Habitat fragmentation is one of the principal causes of the decline of species worldwide, and the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and Cerrado savanna biomes are among the most severely affected by this process. While highly fragmented, remnants of Atlantic Forest can still be found within the Cerrado domain of southern Goiás, where previous studies have revealed high levels of biodiversity. To inventory the mammalian species that occur in the region, two fragments of semideciduous Atlantic Forest were sampled between 2011 and 2016, using line transect surveys and camera trapping. A total of 1016 records were obtained of 30 mammal species, of which eleven are under some threat of extinction. The species richness recorded on this study was similar to or higher than the values reported from other areas of Goiás, which reinforces the importance of the maintenance of these remnants, located in private properties, for the conservation of the region's mammals.

A diversidade funcional é um dos componentes da biodiversidade que leva em conta as diferenças morfológicas, ecológicas e comportamentais entre as espécies e indivíduos e tem sido considerada uma importante medida para avaliar a influência das espécies nos processos ecológicos. Nosso objetivo foi fazer uma análise geral sobre os artigos conduzidos com o termo "Functional Diversity" para avaliar como a ciência no âmbito da diversidade funcional está estruturada ao longo do tempo, os principais métodos utilizados e os processos ecológicos abordados. Foram avaliados 415 artigos dentro das especificações de interesse, aos quais Estados Unidos, França e Alemanha foram os países com maior concentração de pesquisas com diversidade funcional. Na América do Sul, o Brasil liderou as pesquisas, com 48% dos artigos. Cerca de 43% dos trabalhos analisados não justificaram a escolha dos atributos com base no processo do ecossistema em questão, possivelmente por que muitos são de regras de montagem, que não avaliam a diversidade funcional na perspectiva do funcionamento do ecossistema. Dos trabalhos em que foi possível verificar os padrões e processos do ecossistema, aqueles que tratavam de aquisição de recursos representaram a maioria, seguido pelos de interações biológicas, aqui consideradas como um processo do ecossistema. Em relação às abordagens, foi possível observar um aumento na complexidade dos assuntos ao longo dos anos com diferentes aspectos analisados. Frente a todas as discussões metodológicas, foi possível verificar um número crescente de artigos sobre o tema e a incorporação de novos enfoques que têm contribuído para o aumento do conhecimento dos padrões que geram e mantém a biodiversidade e sua relação com os processos do ecossistema. Palavras-chave: atributos funcionais; entropia quadrática; grupos funcionais; índice de diversidade funcional; processos do ecossistema. ABSTRACT-REVIEW ON STUDIES CONDUCTED WITH FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY Functional diversity is a component of biodiversity that takes into account the differences in morphology, ecology and behavior between species and individuals, and has been considered an important measure to evaluate the influence of species in ecological processes. Thus, the study aimed to make a general assessment of the articles with the term "Functional Diversity" to evaluate how science in the context of functional diversity is structured over time, what are the approaches, the main methods used and the ecological processes discussed. Were evaluated 415 articles within the specifications of interest, to which the United States, France and Germany were the countries with the highest concentration of research with functional diversity. In South America, Brazil led the research, with 48% of the articles. Approximately 43% of the reviewed articles did not justify the choice of the attributes based on the process of the ecosystem in question. With regard the patterns and ecosystem processes, those that dealt with resource acquisition accounted for the majority, followed by biological ...

The Amazonian rainforest harbors one of the most diverse mammal faunas found anywhere in the world, although this fauna is still poorly known. Inventories are essential for the understanding of the biology and ecology of species, and provide basic data for conservation. Over 15 years of sampling in the Saracá-Taquera National Forest, we recorded 72 species of small (nonvolant), medium, and large mammals belonging to 30 families in 10 orders. These taxa included 29 species endemic to the Amazon biome, and 14 classified as threatened with extinction. Overall, the mammalian species richness recorded in the present study was equal to or greater than that recorded in other Amazonian studies, reflecting high levels of diversity on a biogeographic scale. This reinforces the importance of this national forest for the maintenance of the region's mammalian fauna. Some of the species were recorded in the region for the first time, thus extending their known geographic distribution.

The state of Goiás, in central Brazil, is covered mainly by the Cerrado domain, with the Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest occupying its central-southern portion. Goiás is one of the 20 Brazilian federative units without a mammal checklist. In this study, we provide the first checklist of mammals from Goiás state. We recorded mammal species based primarily on the analysis of specimens housed in scientific collections as well as on literature with associated voucher material. We listed 191 mammalian species belonging to 125 genera, 31 families and 10 orders, which represents 25.2% of the mammal species occurring in Brazil. The most speciose orders were Chiroptera (90 spp.), followed by Rodentia (43 spp.), Carnivora (19 spp.) and Didelphimorphia (17 spp.). The following orders accounted for a smaller portion of the state diversity: Cetartiodactyla (7 spp.), Cingulata (7 spp.), Primates (4 spp.), Pilosa (2 spp.), Lagomorpha (1 sp.), and Perissodactyla (1 sp.). A total of 28 species (14.7%), mainly represented by medium and large-sized mammals, are nationally threatened while 12 (6.3%) are globally threatened. Our results indicate great portions of the state lacking a proper survey of mammals, especially the northwestern portion. We discuss species richness, distribution and conservation status of the mammals of Goiás state in national and regional scenarios. We highlight the need for mammal inventories based on complementary survey techniques with the collection of vouchers in order to provide karyologic, molecular, morphologic, parasitologic, and ecological data. These informations are the basis for integrative studies that lead to the understanding of current mammalian richness and diversity. Indeed, knowledge on species richness distribution in the state will guide conservation strategies, especially in areas undergoing habitat loss and fragmentation, such as the central-southern portion of Goiás.