Spiral grain variation and inheritance were studied in maritime pine (Pinuspinaster Ait.) and Calabrian pine (Pinusnigra Arn. ssp. laricio var. calabrica) through radioisotopes (12K, 188Re) injected into the sap and autoradiography, on different types of material: mother trees in the forest, their open-pollinated progenies (10–14 years old), and the vegetative propagates (grafts) of the mother trees. For both species, spiral grain was always to the left in the grafts and seedling progenies but higher for the former. Broad sense and narrow sense heritabilities, and genetic prediction coefficient estimates were, respectively, 0.43, 0.16, 0.34 for maritime pine and 0.61, 0.58, 0.38, for Calabrian pine.Despite encouraging results, more research is needed to elucidate spiral grain variation along the stem and with time, before including this trait among the selection criteria.
The ecological potentials of Abies cephalonica are interesting for reforestation in Mediterranean France. They were at the origin of studies currently performed on 20 of its provenances in an experimental network in southern France. The following characteristics were studied : morphology of above-ground vegetative structure (needles and stems), composition and yield in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes from cortical tissues, isozyme variation in seed tissues, height growth and morphogenetic components of height growth, vegetative bud flushing phenology and resistance of seeds and seedlings to water stress. Results from each study were reviewed and discussed in this paper. Conclusions were developed concerning potential phylogeny of the Greek fir since the Tertiary, geographic variability of height growth and adaptation traits and genetic parameter estimates of these traits. A multi-criteria picture of Abies cephalonica's variability in its natural range could thus be drawn.
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