Pelvic venous disorders (PeVD) also known as Pelvic Congestion Syndrome (PCS) affect a great number of women worldwide and often remain undiagnosed. Gynecological symptoms caused by vascular background demand a holistic approach for appropriate diagnosis. This is a relevant cause of chronic pelvic pain and atypical varicose veins. The diagnosis is based on imaging studies and their correlation with clinical presentation. Although the aetiology of PCS still remains unclear, it may result from a combination of factors including genetic predisposition, anatomical abnormalities, hormonal factors, damage to the vein wall, valve dysfunction, reverse blood flow, hypertension and dilatation. The following paper describes an in-depth overview of anatomy, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of PCS. In recent years, minimally invasive interventions have become the method of first choice for the treatment of this condition. The efficacy of a percutaneous approach is high and it is rarely associated with serious complications. Key Messages Pelvic venous disorders demand a holistic approach for appropriate diagnosis. This article takes an in-depth look at existing therapies of Pelvic Congestion Syndrome and pathophysiology of this condition. Embolisation is an effective and safe treatment option.

The work describes the physical basis of the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) technique; it presents the beginnings of the implementation of the method and its possible applications. The principles of correct data acquisition and possible solutions used during the design of the CEST sequence are shown. The main problems related to data analysis are indicated, and an example Z-spectrum from in vivo study of the rat brain is introduced. Furthermore, the parameters related to spectrum analyses such as magnetisation transfer asymmetry (MTRasym) and amide proton transfer asymmetry (APTasym) are presented. In the following part, different types of the CEST method often mentioned in the literature are discussed. Subsequently, the possible applications of the CEST method in both clinical and experimental practice are described.

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SummaryBackground:Varicoceles are abnormally dilated veins within the pampiniform plexus. They are caused by reflux of blood in the internal spermatic vein. The incidence of varicoceles is approximately 10–15% of the adolescent male population. The etiology of varicoceles is probably multifactorial. The diagnosis is based on Doppler US. Treatment could be endovascular or surgical.The aim of the study was to describe and evaluate a novel method of endovascular embolization of varicoceles using n-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) glue.Material/Methods:17 patients were subjected to endovascular treatment of varicoceles using NBCA. A 2.8 Fr microcatheter and a 1:1 mixture of NBCA and lipiodol were used for embolization of the spermatic vein.Results:All 17 procedures were successful. There were no complications.Discussion:Embolization of varicoceles using NBCA glue is efficient and safe for all patients. The method should be considered as a method of choice in all patients. Phlebography and Valsalva maneuver are crucial for technical success and avoidance of complications.Conclusions:Endovascular treatment of varicoceles using NBCA glue is very effective and safe.

Background: Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is characterized by a triad of symptoms; varicose veins and venous malformations (VMs), capillary malformations (port-wine stain), and soft tissue and bone hypertrophy. Herein, we retrospectively studied six patients with KTS who underwent treatment with the Flebogrif system and evaluated their outcomes. Methods: Six KTS patients aged 16–22 years who had undergone 18 non-thermal ablations using the Flebogrif system were enrolled. All patients underwent multistage foam sclerotherapy with 3% polidocanol at 3–4-week intervals. Results: Venous clinical severity score (VCSS) analysis showed improvement in the patients’ clinical condition. All patients reported a significant improvement in aesthetic outcomes. One patient presented with recanalization of ablated marginal veins during the 24-month follow-up period. Patients could return to full activity within 7–10 days after the procedure. None of the patients experienced serious systemic complications. Conclusion: The use of the Flebogrif system in treating various forms of chronic venous insufficiency, including in patients with KTS, provides a high success rate with a high closure rate.

Epidemiology and genetic studies indicate that patients with telomere length shorter than average are at higher risk of dying from heart disease or stroke. Telomeres are located at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes whose length is progressively reduced in most somatic cells during aging. The enzyme telomerase can compensate for telomere loss during cell replication. The present study is aimed to investigate the contribution of telomerase to stroke and the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Telomerase reverse transcriptase knock‐out (TERT‐/‐) and wild‐type mice (males, 4‐month‐old) were subjected to permanent 24 h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Neurological testing revealed that TERT‐/‐ mice showed enhanced deficits as compared to wild‐type animals. These changes appeared to be associated with greater infarct volume in TERT‐/‐ mice. Expression of tight junction proteins, such as ZO‐1 and ZO‐2, was decreased in ischemic hemispheres both in TERT‐/‐ and wild type mice. These results suggest that TERT deficiency can predispose to the development of stroke and diminish the recovery processes in an experimental model of this disease.

Implantation of pacemakers, especially multi-lead systems, is performed increasingly often. Leads located inside the veins chronically irritate the vascular wall inducing an inflammatory response causing neointima overgrowth and thrombosis, and