Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become an epidemiological threat and a worldwide concern. SARS-CoV-2 has spread to 210 countries worldwide and more than 6,500,000 confirmed cases and 384,643 deaths have been reported, while the number of both confirmed and fatal cases is continually increasing. COVID-19 is a viral disease that can affect every age group—from infants to the elderly—resulting in a wide spectrum of various clinical manifestations. COVID-19 might present different degrees of severity—from mild or even asymptomatic carriers, even to fatal cases. The most common complications include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Fever, dry cough, muscle weakness, and chest pain are the most prevalent and typical symptoms of COVID-19. However, patients might also present atypical symptoms that can occur alone, which might indicate the possible SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of this paper is to review and summarize all of the findings regarding clinical manifestations of COVID-19 patients, which include respiratory, neurological, olfactory and gustatory, gastrointestinal, ophthalmic, dermatological, cardiac, and rheumatologic manifestations, as well as specific symptoms in pediatric patients.

#Źródło: Parnas J et al. EASE: examination of anomalous self-experience. Psychopathology, 2005, 38.5: 236-258.S. Użycie skali EASE w badaniach naukowych wymaga pisemnej zgody autora skali (Josef Parnas, e-mail: jpa@cfs.ku.dk) StreszczenieSkala EASE jest listą objawów do częściowo ustrukturalizowanego fenomenologicznego badania subiektywnych lub empirycznych nieprawidłowości (anomalii), które można uznać za zaburzenia podstawowej, "minimalnej" samoświadomości. EASE opracowana została na podstawie samoopisów otrzymanych od pacjentów chorujących na zaburzenia ze spektrum schizofrenii. Skala ma duże znaczenie dla opisu, diagnozy oraz diagnozy różnicowej zaburzeń ze spektrum schizofrenii. Prezentowana wersja zawiera istotne szczegó-łowe kwestie dotyczące zbierania wywiadu oraz opisy objawów psychopatologicznych (Podręcznik), arkusz wyników (Aneks A), listę pozostałych pozycji Skali stosowanych w czasie wywiadu (Aneks B) oraz porównawczą listę pozycji EASE/BSABS (Bonner Skala für die Beurteilung von Basissymptomen, Bońska Skala do Oceny Objawów Podstawowych) (Aneks C).Słowa kluczowe: schizofrenia, fenomenologia, zaburzenia Ja, Badanie Nieprawidłowego Doświadczania Siebie, EASE WstępTerminy i pojęcia wyjaśnione są w każdej pozycji Skali. Cele i opis populacji będącej przedmiotem badaniaSkala EASE skupia się na anomaliach subiektywnego doświadczenia, które wydają się odzwierciedlać zaburzenia samoświadomości.Skala ta zawiera opis fenomenologiczny, głównie o charakterze jakościowym i dąży do szczegółowego opisu zjawisk, które łączy zdeformowane w jakiś sposób poczucie perspektywy pierwszoosobowej, tj.: zaburzenie lub upośledzenie dotyczące poczucia bycia podmiotem, ośrodkiem, w którym automatycznie zbiegają się działa-nie, myśl i doświadczenie. Istnieje także możliwość oceny częstości i nasilenia tych doświadczeń.Skala ta opracowana została głównie dla zaburzeń ze spektrum schizofrenii, nie może jednak być stosowana jako jedyne narzędzie diagnostyczne (zaburzenia struktury Ja nie są wymieniane przez DSM-V czy ICD-10 jako kluczowe diagnostyczne lub nawet jako ważne cechy schizofrenii; derealizacja i depersonalizacja wspomniane są jako nieistotne cechy schizotypii). EASE nie obejmuje wszystkich możliwych nieprawidłowości doświadczenia siebie, skupia się jedynie na zaburzeniach stanów Ja (w przeciwieństwie do BSABS [1], nie są badane np. zaburzenia postrzegania).

Knowledge of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder, specific to men and women, may help identify the parents in whom probability of the occurrence of this disorder is increased.

Our study highlights the fact that post-traumatic growth in the parents of neonates hospitalised in the neonatal intensive care units remains under-evaluated.

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Several lines of evidence suggest that up-regulation of immune response and alterations of kynurenine pathway function are involved in pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Correlations among clinical status (using PANNS, SANS and SAPS scales) and blood levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and levels of selected immunoactive molecules, soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), interferon-α (IFN-α) and IL-4 were analyzed in 51 chronic schizophrenia patients during acute relapse, after four weeks of therapy and at remission. KYNA levels were significantly lower in comparison with controls (N=45) throughout the study, whereas 3-HK did not differ from controls at admission and during therapy, but increased at remission. The KYNA/3-HK ratio and IL-4 levels, but not sIL-2R and IFN-α levels, were consistently decreased in schizophrenia patients at all analyzed time points. KYNA level and KYNA/3-HK ratio measured at admission correlated negatively with the duration of illness, whereas 3-HK level correlated negatively with the improvement of SANS score at discharge. sIL-2R level before treatment was positively linked with number of relapses. In the subgroup of patients with poor response to pharmacotherapy, treated with clozapine later on, initial KYNA level and the ratio KYNA/3-HK correlated negatively with number of relapses. Positive association of sIL-2R level with number of relapses was also evident in this subgroup. Furthermore, among these patients, starting IFN-α level was negatively linked with the improvement of total PANSS score at discharge. Presented here data support the concept of disturbed kynurenine pathway function in schizophrenia and suggest that assessment of KYNA and 3-HK levels during acute relapse might be useful in prediction of response to antipsychotic therapy. Deficit of peripheral KYNA and higher 3-HK levels could be associated with more severe symptoms of schizophrenia. Further studies with larger samples size are needed to validate our results.

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Introducing the Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) algorithms to neural networks science eliminated the problem of arbitrary setting of the threshold for connectivity strength. Despite these advantages, MST has been rarely used to study network abnormalities in schizophrenia. An MST graph mapping a network structure is its simplification, therefore, it is important to verify whether the reconfigured network is significantly related to the behavioural dimensions of the clinical picture of schizophrenia. 35 first-episode schizophrenia patients and 35 matched healthy controls underwent an assessment of information processing speed, cognitive inter-trial variability modelled with ex-Gaussian distributional analysis of reaction times and resting-state EEG recordings to obtain frequency-specific functional connectivity matrices from which MST graphs were computed. The patients’ network had a more random structure and star-like arrangement with overloaded hubs positioned more posteriorly than it was in the case of the control group. Deficient processing speed in the group of patients was predicted by increased maximal betweenness centrality in beta and gamma bands, while decreased consistency in cognitive processing was predicted by the betweenness centrality of posterior nodes in the gamma band, together with duration of illness. The betweenness centrality of posterior nodes in the gamma band was also significantly correlated with positive psychotic symptoms in the clinical group.