No abstract
As part of a study of spatial information transfer, eight subjects judged the directions of displayed targets relative to a fixed reference position in the center of each of 640 perspective images. The stimulus images subtended 18 deg of the observer's visual field, while the images were constructed with geometric fields of view ranging from 30 to 120 deg. Target elevation is consistently overestimated, especially in “telephoto” images. Azimuth error varies sinusoidally with the azimuth direction of the target, alternating between clockwise and counterclockwise errors from one direction quadrant to the next. The direction of this azimuth error gradually reverses in each quadrant as the perspective is varied between “telephoto” and “wide angle” views, so that clockwise azimuth error becomes counterclockwise error, and vice versa. The amplitude of the sinusoidal azimuth error is least in the images with a 60-deg field of view. We propose a geometrical model of an interpretive behavior associated with viewing perspective displays in which the sinusoidal pattern of azimuth errors is induced by the difference between the 3D stimulus and its 2D projection, and by the consequences of the geometric differences between the station point and the observer's actual eye position.
Part-task experiments have examined perspective projections of cockpit displays of traffic information as a means of presenting aircraft separation information to airline pilots. Ten airline pilots served as subjects in an experiment comparing the perspective projection with plan-view projections of the same air traffic situations. The pilots' task was to monitor the traffic display in order to decide if an avoidance maneuver was needed. Pilots took more time to select avoidance maneuvers with a conventional plan-view display than with an experimental perspective display. In contrast to previous results, if the pilots selected a maneuver with the perspective display, they were more likely to choose one with a vertical component. Tabulation of the outcomes of their initial avoidance decisions with both perspective and plan-view displays showed that they were more likely to achieve required separation with maneuvers chosen with the aid of perspective displays.
The presence of human geologists is held by some to be essential to the conduct of field geology on remote planetary surfaces, so a field study was conducted to observe and characterize the nature of that presence. This study was conducted in the Mojave Desert of Southern California at the Amboy lava field, a landscape that is analogous to terrain on Mars. Two experienced planetary geologists were interviewed and observed during the conduct of surface operations. Each subject then wore a head-mounted video camera/display system, which replaced his natural vision with video vision, while attempting to conduct further surface explorations. In this study, methods of ethnographic observation and analysis have been coupled with object-oriented analysis and design concepts to begin the development of a clear path from observations in the field to the design of virtual presence systems. The existence of redundancies in field geology and presence allowed for the application of methods for understanding complex systems. As a result of this study, some of these redundancies have been characterized. Those described are all classes of continuity relations, including the continuities of continuous existence, context-constituent continuities, and state-process continuities. The discussion of each includes statements of general relationships, logical consequences of these, and hypothetical situations in which the relationships would apply. These are meant to aid in the development of a theory of presence. The discussion also includes design considerations, providing guidance for the design of virtual planetary exploration systems and other virtual presence systems. Converging evidence regarding continuity in presence is found in the nature of psychological dissociation. Specific methodological refinements should enhance ecological validity in subsequent field studies, which are in progress.
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