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The process of flocculation is the gathering together or aggregation of small masses, usually in a liquid media, into larger masses called flocs. Although this definition is generally applicable, various other definitions or refinements, especially when used in conjunction with the term coagulation, may be found in the literature. Small suspended particles or colloids impede the separation of solids and liquids, resulting, for example, in excessively long sedimentation or filtration times. Increasing the particle size by flocculation alleviates these difficulties. The objectives of flocculation are to allow rapid separation or drainage of the liquid phase from a suspended solid phase, minimize the solids remaining in the liquid phase, and maximize the solids content in the solid phase (dewatering). In order for flocculation to occur, chemicals called flocculants or coagulants are introduced to the solid suspension. Most of these chemicals are water‐soluble polymers The principal practical applications of flocculation are in raw and waste‐water clarification, sludge dewatering, mineral processing, and paper making.

An experimental study on the performance of calcium chloride-ammonia adsorption system is described. A single bed water cooled condenser adsorption refrigerator prototype, which utilises calcium chloride-ammonia pair has been developed and tested in the laboratory. Experiments have been conducted for desorption temperatures of 100 °C with desorption time varying from 1 to 4 hours. An electric tape heater and a timer were used to perform the experiments. The adsorption temperature profile, adsorption rate and prototype performance have been analysed and discussed. The tested heating and desorption temperature of 100 °C and heating and desorption time of 1 to 4 hours was able to create a cooling effect of the cold chamber of the prototype of between -0.8 to 8.3 °C, which is adequate for vaccine storage requirement of 2 to 8 °C. The estimated Coefficient of Performance of the system ranges between 0.025 and 0. 076.

Experimental conditions are discussed for the thermal growth of iron oxide photoanodes which promote α‐Fe2O3 formation. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of iron oxide electrodes is compared as a function of surface modification procedure. Platinum was found to be an effective electrocatalyst when incorporated into the bulk of the thermally grown iron oxide during the latter's preparation. This procedure was found to increase the carrier density and to give a more negative flatband potential.

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