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This audit identified substantial ethical concerns in the process of approving multicentre general practice pharmaceutical research.

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Smoking cessation programmes at work can provide useful support for workers wishing to stop smoking. They are only likely to be effective if participants have moved beyond the contemplation stage regarding smoking cessation, so that stopping smoking is a personal priority.

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Nuclear fission technologies have the potential to play a significant role in the energy mix of a net-zero and sustainable society. However, to achieve the sustainability goal two significant challenges remain: efficient and sustainable fuel usage and the minimization of long-term nuclear waste. Civil nuclear molten salt systems and technologies offer the opportunity to address both, delivering future reactors at scale for efficient and effective power production and nuclear waste burnup. Potentially, both objectives could be fulfilled in one reactor system, which could significantly improve sustainability indices. The key to this innovation is demand driven development of a significantly reduced fuel cycle with enhanced proliferation resistance which offers further potential for improvement. To achieve these goals, a transformative approach for salt clean-up during molten salt reactor operation is proposed, by concentrating on the detection and removal of key neutron poisoning elements which prevent the reactor from long-term operation. To enable this highly innovative development work, a novel analysis of the evolving elementary fuel composition, their concentrations, and their criticality influence is now provided in this work. This, combined with consideration of the oxidation states of each of these elements then provides the basis for the selection of these key poisons and the development of advanced separation processes and process monitoring. This work also discusses the importance of the effective integration of physics and chemistry when systems modelling in achieving these system development goals.

SUMMARY Sixty-six insulin-dependent diabetic patients with normal visual acuity were studied (132 eyes). on these patients at 10 years showed the gradual appearance of yellow-blue defects, which in some cases preceded the development of retinopathy.Kinnear et al.3 studied colour vision in 800 diabetics. With the 100-hue test the mean error score in patients without retinopathy was significantly greater than normal. There was a further increase in the error score in diabetics with retinopathy. This increase was statistically significant only in patients over 30 years of age. They found that changes in the 100-hue test were of no value in predicting the development of retinopathy.Arden4 found no abnormality in contrast sensitivity in 18 diabetic patients without retinopathy. Of 47 patients with retinopathy and normal visual acuity over 50% had abnormal grating scores. Foulds and McClure2 found the mean grating score was significantly greater than normal in 12 diabetic patients without retinopathy. The increase was apparent on all plates. Baiteryakova et al.5 studied 60 diabetic patients and showed a reduction in the electro-oculogram which could be present before the development of retinopathy. These findings were confirmed by Flicker6 in his study of 93 diabetic patients.To decide the role of retinal function tests in the assessment of diabetic retinopathy we carried out tests of retinal form, colour, and light sense on 132 eyes with normal visual acuity in 66 female insulindependent diabetics aged between 20 and 40 years. Patients and methodsSixty-six female well controlled insulin-dependent diabetic patients with normal corrected visual acuity were assessed. They had a full ophthalmological examination, including retinal photography and fluorescein angiography. The mean age was 27-7 years, SEM 0-4 year. The mean duration of diabetes mellitus was 8-7 years, SEM 0-5 year. The mean insulin dose was 43-6 international units, SEM 1-2. Twenty-four (36-4%) were smokers and 10 (15-2%) were taking anovulants.Retinal contrast sensitivity was determined with a book of Arden gratings' under standard daylight illumination in a Veri Vide cabinet. A total score greater than 82 was taken as abnormal.Colour discrimination was tested by the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test8 under the same conditions. A total score greater than 100 was taken as abnormal.