The contribution of rapid weight gain (RWG) during infancy to later adiposity has received considerable investigation. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to update the literature on association between RWG and subsequent adiposity outcomes. Electronic searches were undertaken in EMBASE, MEDLINE, psycINFO, PubMed and ScienceDirect. Studies that examined the associations between RWG (a change in weight z-scores > 0.67) during infancy (from birth to age 2 years) and subsequent adiposity outcomes were included. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted to obtain the weighted-pooled estimates of the odds of overweight/obesity for those with RWG. Seventeen studies were eligible for inclusion with the majority of studies (15/17) being of high/acceptable quality and reporting positive associations between RWG during infancy and later adiposity outcomes. RWG in infancy was associated with overweight/obesity from childhood to adulthood (pooled odds ratio = 3.66, 95% confidence interval: 2.59-5.17, I > 75%). Subgroup analyses revealed that RWG during infancy was associated with higher odds of overweight/obesity in childhood than in adulthood, and RWG from birth to 1 year was associated with higher odds of overweight/obesity than RWG from birth to 2 years. The present study supports that RWG during infancy is a significant predictor of adiposity in later life.

SummaryDiet, physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep are typically examined independently with childhood adiposity; however, their combined influence remains uncertain. This review aims to systematically summarize evidence on the clustering of these behaviours through lifestyle patterns and evaluate associations with adiposity in children aged 5–12 years. Search strategies were run in six databases. Twenty‐eight papers met the inclusion criteria, six of which included all four behaviours. A range of lifestyle patterns were identified (healthy, unhealthy and mixed). Mixed patterns were most frequently reported. Unhealthy patterns comprising low physical activity and high sedentary behaviour were also frequently observed. Mixed patterns comprising healthy diets, low physical activity and high sedentary behaviour were more commonly seen in girls, whereas boys were more physically active, similarly sedentary and had unhealthier diets. Children from lower socio‐economic backgrounds tended to more frequently display unhealthy patterns. Unhealthy lifestyle patterns were more often associated with adiposity risk than healthy and mixed patterns. With few studies including all four behaviours, it is difficult to establish a clear picture of their interplay and associations with adiposity. Nonetheless, reliance on lifestyle patterns is likely more beneficial than individual behaviours in targeting adiposity and improving understanding of how these behaviours influence health.

Diet quality indices have been shown to predict cardiovascular disease, cancer, Type 2 Diabetes, obesity and all-cause mortality. This study aimed to determine the socio-demographics of Australian adults with poor diet quality. Diet quality was assessed for participants of the 2011–2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey aged 18 years or above (n = 9435), with the validated 11-component Healthy Eating Index for Australians (HEIFA-2013), based on the 2013 Australian Dietary Guidelines. Differences in scores by demographics (ANOVA) and regression models for associations between the HEIFA-2013 score and demographic characteristics were conducted. The mean (SD) HEIFA-2013 score was 45.5 (14.7) out of 100 due to poor intakes of vegetables, fruit, grains, dairy and fat and high intakes of added sugar, sodium and discretionary foods. Lower mean HEIFA-2013 scores (SD) were found for males 43.3 (14.7), young-adults 41.6 (14.2) obese 44.1 (14.3), smokers 40.0 (14.2), low socio-economic status 43.7 (14.9) and Australian country-of-birth 44.2 (14.6) (p < 0.05). The overall diet quality of the Australian population is poor and targeted interventions for young-adults, males, obese and those with lower socio-economic status are recommended.

, B. L. (2014). Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in relation to changes in body fatness over 6 and 12 years among 9-year-old children: the European Youth Heart Study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 68, Dette er siste tekst-versjon av artikkelen, og den kan inneholde små forskjeller fra forlagets pdf-versjon. Forlagets pdf-versjon finner du på www.nature.com: http://dx.doi.org/10. 1038/ejcn.2013.243 This is the final text version of the article, and it may contain minor differences from the journal's pdf version. The original publication is available at www.nature.com: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.243Miaobing Jazzmin Zheng 1 Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in relation to changes in body fatness over 6 and 12 years among 9-year-old children: the European Youth Heart Study. AbstractBackground: Limiting sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) consumption has been widely acknowledged as a primary strategy for obesity prevention in children and adolescents. In particular, finding suitable alternatives for SSB is an important public health issue. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between different types of beverage intake and 6 y changes in body fatness, and to evaluate the effects of substituting water, coffee/tea, milk, and 100% fruit juice for SSB. Design: A cohort of 9-year-old children (n=358) who participated in the Danish part of the European Youth Heart Study was followed for development in fatness over 6-y. Multivariate linear regression was used to examine the association between beverage consumption at baseline and change in body fatness (body mass index (BMI) z-score), waist circumference (WC), and sum of four skinfolds (Σ4SF)) over 6-y with adjustment for potential confounders. Substitution models were used to evaluate the effects of substituting various beverages for SSB, controlling for total beverage intake, energy from non-beverage sources, physical activity, socioeconomic status, and pubertal status. Results: Intake of SSB at age 9 y, but not other beverages, was directly associated with subsequent 6-y changes in BMI z-score (β=0.05, P=0.02) and Σ4SF (β=0.86, P=0.02). Substitution of 100g water for 100g SSB was inversely associated with changes in BMI z-score (β= -0.04, P=0.02), WC (β= -0.29, P=0.04) and Σ4SF (β= -0.91, P=0.02) over 6-y. Substitution of 100g milk for 100g SSB was also inversely associated with changes in BMI z-score (β= -0.05, P=0.02), WC (β= -0.33, P=0.046) and Σ4SF (β= -0.79, P=0.06). An inverse association was also found between change in WC and substitution of 100g coffee/tea for 100g SSB (β= -0.74, P=0.03). No effect was observed for substitution of SSB by 100% fruit juice. Conclusions: Our results suggest SSB intake is associated with long term change in body fatness in children, and replacing SSB with water and milk, but not 100% fruit juice, has a beneficial effect on body fatness development.

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Our findings indicate that liquid energy is more obesogenic than solid energy. In particular, SSB, but not other beverage types, are a significant predictor of childhood adiposity and replacing SSB with water can have long-term beneficial effects on childhood adiposity.

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Background/Objectives This study described the development of a parent food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for measuring diets of young children over the past month and the validation of this FFQ against three non-consecutive 24 hour recalls. Subjects/Methods Food and nutrient intakes from a 68-item FFQ were compared with three non-consecutive 24 hour recalls in a follow-up cohort of children aged 1.5, 3.5 and 5.0 years old. Data from both methods were available for 231, 172 and 187 participants at ages 1.5, 3.5 and 5.0 years, respectively. Results Out of 11 nutrients, four (protein, fat, fibre, iron), two (Vitamin C, folate) and three (protein, vitamin C and folate) nutrients showed good-acceptable outcome for 2 out of 3 grouplevel validation tests at ages 1.5, 3.5 and 5.0 years, respectively. Of 26 food groups, good-acceptable outcome for 2 out of 3 group-level validation tests was revealed for two, four and six food groups at ages 1.5, 3.5 and 5.0 years, respectively. For individual-level validation tests, all nutrients showed good-acceptable outcome for 2 out of 3 individual level tests across three time points, except for folate at age 1.5 years and energy intake at age 3.5 years. Most food groups (22 out of 26) at age 1.5 years and all food groups at both ages 3.5 and 5.0 years showed good-acceptable outcome for 2 out of 3 individuallevel validation tests. Conclusions At all three time points, the FFQ demonstrated good-acceptable validity for some nutrients and food groups at group-level, and good-acceptable validity for most nutrients and food