The complete mitogenome of the subsocial wood-eating cockroach Cryptocercus kyebangensis was sequenced and compared with that of another Asian cockroach, Cryptocercus relictus and the primitive termite Mastotermes darwiniensis. The complete mitogenome of C. kyebangensis is a closed circular molecule of 15,720 bp, containing13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA), 22 transfer RNA genes, and one D-loop region. Nucleotide composition of the C. kyebangensis mitogenome shows an AT bias (74.4%), in particular, 46.0% A, 28.4% T, 9.7% G, and 15.9% C. GC skews are similar among the mitogenomes of C. kyebangensis, C. relictus, and M. darwiniensis, but AT skew is stronger in Cryptocercus mitogenomes than in the M. darwiniensis mitogenome. The whole mitogenome of C. kyebangensis showed 88.8% nucleotide similarity to that of C. relictus but only 74.9% similarity to that of M. darwiniensis. Phylogenetic analyses, based on amino acid sequences of the 13 mitochondrial proteins, showed that the Cryptocercus clade has a sister relation with termites, including the primitive termite M. darwiniensis. Sister relations of Blattidae and Blattellidae, with the clade Cryptocercidae + Isoptera as a sister group, are also evident. Polyphagidae (Eupolyphaga sinensis) appears to be most basal in the phylogenetic trees, showing sister relations with the remaining cockroaches.
ABSTRACT. Wild mouse feces can disseminate zoonotic microorganisms throughout a farm, which is a great threat to human health and can lead to economic loss through contaminated agricultural produce. To assess the microbial communities, especially fecal coliform bacteria, we used two methods. First, we isolated bacterial colonies onto the common media LB (lactose broth) agar, TSA (tryptic soy agar), and MRS (de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe) agar, and then randomly select colonies from each plate and stocked them to the mother plate for genomic DNA isolation. Second, we analyzed bacterial colonies using the 16S rRNA gene molecular diagnostic method. Based on bacterial cultures and bacterial 16S rRNA gene markers, we detected four different bacterial species (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus xylosus, and Serratia liquefaciens) from fecal coliforms of the striped field mouse Apodemus agrarius and A. peninsulae in agricultural areas in South Korea. These results could help us to better understand the pathogen reservoirs of mice and initiate some preventive measures to mitigate the microbial risks associated with mouse fecal matter in agricultural production areas.
by analyzing mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene sequences. We analyzed the intraspecific relationships in Korean water deer by using tissues collected from 18 road-killed individuals from two northern forests (SC: Sokcho, YG: Yanggu and HC: Hongcheon) and one southern forest (JR: Jirisan National Park) of South Korea (Table 1, Fig. 1A). Genomic DNA was extracted from the tissue samples by using the DNeasy blood and tissue kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA), and amplified using the InnoTM Taq DNA polymerase kit (Bookyung S•M, Korea). Primers for PCR amplification of mitochondrial COI gene was performed were Deer F (5′-TTCATTAACCGCTGATTATTTTC AAC-3′) and Deer R (5′-CACGATATGAGAAATTATACC AAACC-3′). This amplification procedure yielded 680-bp fragments of the COI gene; these were aligned using the Clustal-X program package (Thompson et al., 1997) and manually edited using SeA l 1.0a (Rambaut, 1996).Intraspecific phylogeny was inferred by neighbor-joining (NJ) implemented in PAUP* 4.0b10 (Swofford, 2003) and Bayesian inference (BI) using MrBayes 3.2 (Ronquist et al., 2012). The NJ tree was generated using the K2P model, and the robustness of the tree was tested with 1,000 pseudoreplications. For the BI analysis, the HKY model was selected as the best-fit model under the Akaike Information Criterion
We sequenced and characterized a complete mitogenome (KP671850) of the Chinese Apodemus peninsulae and compared it with a previously published mitogenome of the Korean A. peninsulae (NC016060). The total length of the Chinese A. peninsulae mitogenome is 16,457 bp. The mitogenome consists of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA) genes, 22 tRNA genes, and one D-loop region. The most common start codon was ATG, used in the nine PCGs for initiation. The mitogenomes of Chinese and Korean A. peninsulae showed 98.9% sequence similarity. The intra-/interspecific phylogeny of the Chinese A. peninsulae revealed that the Chinese A. peninsulae was well grouped with the Korean A. peninsulae. The clade of A. peninsulae was sister to that of Apodemus agrarius, Apodemus chejuensis, and Apodemus chevrieri.
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