Aims The goal of this study was to determine the frequencies of important allelic variants of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2E1 and DPYD in the Egyptian population and compare them with the frequencies in other ethnic populations. Methods Genotyping of CYP2C9 (*2 and *3), CYP2C19 (*2 and *3), c2 variant of CYP2E1 and DPYD alleles (*2 A-*6 ) was carried out in a total of 247 unrelated Egyptian subjects. An allele-specific fluorogenic 5k nuclease chain reaction assay was applied for detection of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 variants. Other variants of the CYP2E1 and DPYD genes were determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism and allele-specific PCR based assays. Results CYP2C9 allele frequencies in 247 Egyptian subjects were 0.820 for CYP2C9*1, 0.120 for CYP2C9*2 and 0.060 for CYP2C9*3. For CYP2C19, the frequencies of the wild type (CYP2C19*1) and the nonfunctional (*2 and *3) alleles were 0.888, 0.110 and 0.002, respectively. CYP2C19*3, which is considered an Asian mutation, was detected in one subject (0.40%) who was heterozygous (*1/*3). Two subjects (0.80%) were homozygous for *2/*2, while no compound heterozygotes (*2/*3) or homozygotes for *3 were detected. For CYP2E1, only four subjects (1.70%) had the rare c2 variant, expressed heterozygously, giving an allele frequency of 0.009. Five variants of DPYD were analysed, with no splice sites (*2 A) or DC1897 (*3) found in this population. The frequencies of other variants were 0.028, 0.115 and 0.090 for *4, *5 and *6, respectively. Conclusions Comparing our data with that obtained in several Caucasian, AfricanAmerican and Asian populations, we found that Egyptians resemble Caucasians with regard to allelic frequencies of the tested variants of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2E1 and DPYD. Our results may help in better understanding the molecular basis underlying ethnic differences in drug response, and contribute to improved individualization of drug therapy in the Egyptian population.

Genotype and allele frequencies of TPMT , NAT2 , GST , SULT1A1 and MDR-1 in the Egyptian population Aims The goal of this study was to determine the frequencies of important allelic variants in the TPMT , NAT2 , GST, SULT1A1 and MDR-1 genes in the Egyptian population and compare them with the frequencies in other ethnic populations.Methods Genotyping was carried out in a total of 200 unrelated Egyptian subjects. TPMT * 2 was detected using an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. TPMT * 3C and NAT2 variants (* 5 , * 6 and * 7 ) were detected using an allelespecific real-time PCR assay. Detection of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null alleles was performed simultaneously using a multiplex PCR assay. Finally, a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay was applied for the determination of TPMT * 3A (* 3B ) , SULT1A1 * 2 and MDR-1 ( 3435T ) variants.Results Genotyping of TPMT revealed frequencies of 0.003 and 0.013 for TPMT * 3A and TPMT * 3C , respectively. No TPMT * 2 or * 3B was detected in the analysed samples. The frequencies of specific NAT2 alleles were 0.215, 0.497, 0.260 and 0.028 for * 4 (wild-type), * 5 (341C), * 6 (590A) and * 7 (857A), respectively. GSTM1 and GSTT1 null alleles were detected in 55.5% and 29.5% of the subjects, respectively. SULT1A1 * 2 was detected at a frequency of 0.135. Finally, the frequencies of the wild-type allele ( 3435C ) and the 3435T variant in the MDR-1 gene were found to be 0.6 and 0.4, respectively. Conclusions We found that Egyptians resemble other Caucasians with regard to allelic frequencies of the tested variants of NAT2 , GST and MDR-1 . By contrast, this Egyptian population more closely resemble Africans with respect to the TPMT * 3C allele, and shows a distinctly different frequency with regard to the SULT1A1 * 2 variant. The predominance of the slow acetylator genotype in the present study (60.50%) could not confirm a previously reported higher frequency of the slow acetylator phenotype in Egyptians (92.00%), indicating the possibility of the presence of other mutations not detectable as T341C, G590A and G857A. The purpose of our future studies is to investigate for new polymorphisms, which could be relatively unique to the Egyptian population.

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Aims The goal of this study was to determine the frequencies of CYP1A2 * 1C , * 1D , * 1E and * 1F variants in the Egyptian population and compare frequencies with other populations. Methods Genotyping was performed in a total of 212 unrelated Egyptian subjects using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Results The frequencies of CYP1A2 * 1C , * 1D , * 1E and * 1F variants in the Egyptian population were 0.07, 0.40, 0.03 and 0.68, respectively. The Egyptians have a lower frequency of CYP1A2 * 1C , and CYP1A2 * 1E than the Japanese (0.07 vs 0.21 and 0.03 vs 0.08, respectively), while the frequencies of CYP1A2 * 1D and CYP1A2 * 1F did not differ significantly between the two groups. CYP1A2 * 1F (0.68) frequency in Egyptians was identical to that observed in Caucasians (0.68 among 236 German individuals). Conclusions The present study is the first to describe the frequencies of four known allelic variants of CYP1A2 among the Egyptian population. CYP1A2 * 1C and * 1E occurred at frequencies significantly lower than that in Japanese, while similar frequencies were observed for CYP1A2 * 1D and * 1F. The CYP1A2 * 1F frequency appeared to be identical to that of Caucasians. This does not exclude the possibility of the presence of new mutations relatively specific to the Egyptian population that have not been identified.

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A novel synthesis of a new class of bipyridyl and biheterocyclic-nitrogen thioglycosides utilizing the reactions of heterocyclic substituted pyridine-2(1H)-thiones and alpha-bromoglucose or alpha-bromogalactose tetraacetate as starting components is described.

We have explored the frequencies of important allelic variants DCP1, CETP, ADRB2, and HTR2A among the Egyptian population focusing on the ethnic diversity in the distribution of the tested mutant alleles. Our results may help in better understanding the observed ethnic variation in angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and atherosclerosis therapy. It also may contribute to better characterization of interethnic differences in isoprenaline and clozapine response, which will have implications for the cost effective and rational prescribing of these drugs.