One type of renewable alternative energy that has great potential to be developed is biodiesel. Biodiesel is a fuel consisting of a mixture of mono-alkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids made from renewable sources such as vegetable oils or animal fats. Such as vegetable oils or animal fats. One of the vegetable oil products that can be used as feedstock for biodiesel production is used cooking oil. Used cooking oil is used oil. The purpose of this research is to study the characteristics of the effect of catalyst mass, the ratio of used cooking oil mole to methanol mole, and the effect of adding THF 1:1 co-solvent on the purity of biodiesel using heterogeneous catalyst ash derived from Nipah fruit skin calcined at 500°C for 4 hours. The process variables were transesterification reaction time 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes, a mole ratio of methanol to oil 1:19, 1:21, and 1:23 with the addition of THF: methanol v/v 1:1 co-solvent. Biodiesel properties such as density, viscosity, moisture content, and acid number were evaluated and compared with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The characteristics of biodiesel were obtained with a density of 860.2 Kg/m3 and a viscosity of 2.37 mm2/s. They contained 44.14% Palmitic acid and 43.04% Octadecenoic acid (oleic), following the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The maximum yield obtained was 93.3598% using a mole ratio of oil: methanol 1:23 at 60°C for 120 minutes, TFT 1:1, and 3% catalyst mass. The results obtained in this study indicate that heterogeneous catalysts made from kapok skin can be used to produce biodiesel. Adding TFT co-solvent can increase biodiesel production and methyl ester yield so that high purity is obtained.
One of the consequences of excessive palm oil use is the production of waste palm oil (used cooking oil). To overcome this problem, efforts are needed to convert used cooking oil into more valuable products, such as biodiesel; because of its high fatty acid content, the used cooking oil has considerable potential in developing biodiesel fuel. This research aims to utilize used cooking oil in making biodiesel using heterogeneous catalyst ash derived from Nipah fruit skin calcined at 500 °C for ± 4 hours. Nipah is a type of palm (monocotyledon) that grows in mangrove forest ecosystems, in tidal areas near the seaside, or offshore. The characteristics of parts of Nipah, such as leaves, and skin, chemically contain a lot of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin and contain inorganic elements such as Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca, Si, P, S, and Al. The transesterification process reacts oil with methanol to produce methyl esters and glycerol. Process variables, namely transesterification reaction time of 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes, and the mole ratio of methanol to oil of 1:19, 1:21, and 1:23, were observed in this experiment. Biodiesel characteristics were obtained with a density of 860.2 g/mL and a viscosity of 2.37 mm2/s. They contained 44.14% Palmitic acid and 43.04% Octadecenoic acid (oleic), which is to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The maximum yield obtained was 93.3598% using a mole ratio of oil: methanol 1:23 at 60°C for 120 minutes, TFT 1:1, and 3% catalyst mass. The results obtained in this study indicate that Nipah fruit skin-based catalysts can be used to produce biodiesel.
The rapid development of technology and science has made vegetable oil not only as a consumption material, but also into something more useful, namely alternative renewable fuel oil, one of which is biodiesel which is an alternative fuel to replace diesel. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of temperature and time of the transesterification reaction on the characteristics of the biodiesel produced. The expected results are results that are in accordance with the characteristics of biodiesel with SNI parameters. This research was conducted by mixing sunflower seed oil with methanol as a solvent with a NaOH catalyst with a mole ratio of reactants 1:6. Then the variation of reaction time was determined, namely 70 minutes, 80 minutes and 90 minutes, and the reaction temperature was 50°C, 55°C, 60°C and 65°C, respectively. After biodiesel is obtained, characteristic testing is carried out. The results showed that the best biodiesel quality was obtained at a temperature of 60°C with a reaction time of 90 minutes with the following characteristics: Yield = 80.76%; density = 0.85 gr/ml; viscosity = 2.38 cSt; water content = 0.03 %vol and acid number = 0.5 mg-KOH/g. Thus, it can be concluded that the biodiesel produced is in accordance with the characteristics of the standardization parameters of SNI-7182-2019 regarding biodiesel.
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