Palm oil bottom ash utilization from mill boilers as CO2 adsorbent has been in use for few years. This study aims to examine adsorbent characteristics and capabilities of bottom ash produced from boiler combustion in palm oil industry for CO2 adsorption before and after utilization, such as compound functional group using the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectrophotometer, adsorbent morphology through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and compound amount using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX). The CO2 adsorption was carried out in fixed-bed column. Process variables consist of volumetric flow rate, contact time and bed height. Results showed that SiO2 compounds in the heterogeneous form with average particle size of 1073 nm, as supported by FT-IR spectrum finding indicating SiO2 signal at wavelength of 958–954 cm–1. Additionally, EDX analysis showed Silica and Oxygen content of 11.88% and 36.90%, resulting 70% CO2 adsorption capacity of 0.350 mg/g at discharge of 5 L/min, contact time of 40 min, and bed height of 12 cm. Langmuir isotherm model was obtained with R2 of 0.998, qm of 1.588, and kL of 0.144. Meanwhile, the kinetic model followed a simple first-order prototypical with R2 of 0.952, C02 of 0.260, and k1 of 0.006.
The products produced at the Primajasa Palm Oil Mill are Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and palm kernel (kernel). The palm oil processing process goes through several stations, including loading ramp station, sterilizing station, threshing stations, digesting and pressing station, clarification station, and kernel stations. In the palm oil processing industry, the main factors that can cause damage palm oil quality are high moisture content and free fatty acid (FFA) levels. This study aims to analyze the quality of CPO based on the performance of the vacuum dryer at the Primajasa Palm Oil Mill as seen from the free fatty acid (FFA) and moisture content. The average results obtained from the analysis of the moisture content of CPO before entering the vacuum dryer and after leaving the vacuum dryer were 0.57% and 0.27%. Meanwhile, the average results obtained from the analysis of FFA CPO levels before entering the vacuum dryer and after leaving the vacuum dryer were 3.63% and 3.57%. Based on these results, it is known that a vacuum dryer can reduce the value of moisture content and FFA levels contained in CPO. These results also indicate that the moisture content and free fatty acid (FFA) content in the sample are in accordance with the national quality standard of CPO.
Membrane application in reverse osmosis (RO) membrane is getting more attention especially in producing drinking water. However, RO membrane faces challenges that reduces its performance such as its permeation flux, salt rejection, additional energy demand, lifetime decrease, extra pre-treatment process, cleaning and maintenance. The challenge is the formation of fouling. RO membrane fouling can happen inside or outside the membrane and the characteristics of membrane fouling differs from one type to other types, depending on the nature and location of membrane fouling. There are several types of RO fouling, which are Biofouling, Organic Fouling, Inorganic Fouling and Colloidal Fouling. The causes of RO membrane are different from one to another. The properties and materials of the solution entering RO membrane are important as it affects the type of fouling of RO membrane fouling. All of the RO membrane foulings need to be considered during membrane usage and demand solution to be controlled. In order to control the fouling in Reverse Osmosis membrane, there have been several control solutions discovered to the membrane fouling challenges. The control solutions are specified to each one of the fouling, in spite of wide applications for some of it. The control solutions are pre-treatment, which has many methods such as photo oxidation, coagulation, scale inhibitor, ion exchange resins, granular media and membrane treatment, membrane monitoring, membrane cleaning, surface modification, and material addition to membrane or novel membrane material. With various control solutions discovered, the RO membrane still faces fouling issue and is still demanding some more advanced applicable control solutions.
Adsorption of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from Limonia acidissima fruit shell (LAFS-AC) was conducted in batch mode experiments at pH 5 (±0.15), 100 rpm and 1 atm. The effects of contact time, initial Cu(II) ions concentration, KOH concentration, and adsorption temperature on Cu(II) ions adsorption capacity were investigated. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy analyses were performed to investigate the active site and surface morphology of the LAFS-AC, respectively. The Cu(II) ions adsorption was fitted very well (R 2 = 0.94 on average) to the pseudo second-order adsorption kinetic with the adsorption capacity and rate being 25.58 mg/g and 0.07 g/mg.min, respectively at 27 o C by the LAFS AC activated using 0. Abstract Adsorpsi Ion Cu(Ii) di dalam Larutan Berair menggunakan Karbon Aktif Berbasis Kulit BuahLimonia acidissima: Studi Kinetika dan Isotermal. Adsorpsi ion Cu(II) dari larutan berair menggunakan karbon aktif yang dibuat dari kulit buah Limonia acidissima (LAFS-AC) dilakukan pada percobaan dengan sistem batch pada pH 5 (± 0,15), 100 rpm dan 1 atm. Efek waktu kontak, konsentrasi awal ion Cu(II), konsentrasi KOH, dan suhu adsorpsi pada adsorpsi ion Cu (II) diselidiki. Analisis spektroskopi FTIR dan SEM dilakukan untuk menyelidiki morfologi bagian aktif dan permukaan LAFS-AC. Adsorpsi ion Cu(II) memiliki kemiripan (R2 rata-rata = 0,94) terhadap kinetika adsorpsi pseudo orde kedua dengan kapasitas adsorpsi dan laju masing-masing 25,58 mg/g dan 0,07 g/mg.min pada suhu 27 o C pada LAFS-AC aktif menggunakan 0,5 M KOH. Pada suhu 60 o C, nilainya menjadi 26,88 mg/g dan 0,15 g/mg.min. Adsorbsi ion Cu(II) mengikuti model adsorpsi isotherm Langmuir (LAIM) (R2 = 0,98 rata-rata). Kapasitas adsorpsi LAIM dan konstanta masing-masing bernilai 26,67 mg/g dan 0,03 L/g pada suhu 27 o C. Pada suhu 60 o C, nilainya meningkat secara dramatis menjadi 0,09 L/g. Kondisi adsorpsi optimal yang diperoleh adalah 0,5 M KOH pada LAFS-AC aktif, konsentrasi awal Cu(II) 509,81 mg/L dan waktu kontak 120 menit pada suhu 60 o C dengan kapasitas adsorpsi ion Cu(II) sebesar 26,95 mg/g.
Gelatin merupakan bahan tambah pangan yang digunakan dalam pengemulsi, pengental, penstabil makanan. Gelatin adalah salah satu jenis protein yang berbentuk gel yang didapatkan dari hasil denaturasi kolagen kulit, tulang dan jaringan ikan. Gelatin pada penelitian ini diperoleh dari hasil ekstraksi tulang ikan bandeng. Tulang ikan, dihilangkan lemak dan kotorannya pada suhu 70oC selama 30 menit, Kemudian direndam menggunakan pelarut asam sitrat dengan variasi konsentrasi 7%, 9%, 11% dan 13% hingga terbentuk ossein. Ossein yang terbentuk, diekstraksi pada suhu 60oC selama 5 jam menggunakan akuades 1:2(massa/volume), Hasil ekstraksi disaring dan dikeringkan menggunakan oven pada suhu 60oC selama 48 jam. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, analisa gelatin dari tulang ikan bandeng yang paling baik menghasilkan rendemen 5,09 % pada konsentrasi 13 % dengan lama perendaman 48 jam, kadar air 4,55 % pada konsentrasi 9% dengan lama perendaman 24 jam, kadar abu 1,58 % dengan konsentrasi 13 % di lama perendaman 48 jam serta kadar protein 70,9% dengan konsentrasi 9 % dan lama perendaman 48 jam. Analisis FTIR gelatin pada penelitian ini menunjukkan karakteristik yang sama dengan gelatin dipasaran. Hal ini ditunjukkan munculnya puncak pada bilangan gelombang gugus hidroksil (OH) pada 3579,88 cm-1, gugus amina (NH) pada 1541,12 cm-1, karbonil (C=O) pada1672,28 cm-1, C-H aromatis pada 2932,56cm-1 dan 2937,23 cm-1.
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