Carbon dots are a carbonaceous nanomaterial that were discovered accidentally and are now drawing significant attention as a new quantum-sized fluorescent nanoparticle. Carbon dots are biocompatible, non-toxic, photostable, and easily functionalized with good photoluminescence and water solubility. Due to these unique properties, they are used broadly in live cell imaging, catalysis, electronics, biosensing, power, targeted drug delivery, and other biomedical applications. Here, we review the recent development of carbon dots in nanomedicine from their use in drug carriers to imaging agents to multifunctional theranostic systems. Finally, we discuss the challenges and views on next-generation carbon dot-based theranostics for clinical applications.

2019) Recent progress in nanotechnology-based novel drug delivery systems in designing of cisplatin for cancer therapy: an overview, Artificial ABSTRACT Cisplatin cis-(diammine)dichloridoplatinum(II) (CDDP) is the first platinum-based complex approved by the food and drug administration (FDA) of the United States (US). Cisplatin is the first line chemotherapeutic agent used alone or combined with radiations or other anti-cancer agents for a broad range of cancers such as lung, head and neck. Aroplatin TM , Lipoplatin TM and SPI-077 are PEGylated liposomebased nano-formulations that are still under clinical trials. They have many limitations, for example, poor aqueous solubility, drug resistance and toxicities, which can be overcome by encapsulating the cisplatin in Nemours nanocarriers. The extensive literature from different electronic databases covers the different nano-delivery systems that are developed for cisplatin. This review critically emphasizes on the recent advancement, development, innovations and updated literature reported for different carrier systems for CDDP. ARTICLE HISTORY Current status of FDA-approved/under clinical trials CDDP nano-formulationsMany liposomal-based nano-formulations are at the stage of clinical trials. One of under clinical trials drugs, Lipoplatin (Regulon, Inc.), is liposome-based platinum formulation under Phase III clinical trials [11]. It contains a combination of cisplatin (9%) and lipids (91%(w/w)), including soy phosphatidylcholine (SPC-3), cholesterol, dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (DPPG) and methoxy-PEG-distearoyl phosphatidyl

Mesoporous silica nanomaterials (MSNs) have made remarkable achievements and are being thought of by researchers as materials that can be used to effect great change in cancer therapies, gene delivery, and drug delivery because of their optically transparent properties, flexible size, functional surface, low toxicity profile, and very good drug loading competence. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) show a very high loading capacity for therapeutic agents. It is well known that cancer is one of the most severe known medical conditions, characterized by cells that grow and spread rapidly. Thus, curtailing cancer is one of the greatest current challenges for scientists. Nanotechnology is an evolving field of study, encompassing medicine, engineering, and science, and it has evolved over the years with respect to cancer therapy. This review outlines the applications of mesoporous nanomaterials in the field of cancer theranostics, as well as drug and gene delivery. MSNs employed as therapeutic agents, as well as their importance and future prospects in the ensuing generation of cancer theranostics and drug and therapeutic gene delivery, are discussed herein. Thus, the use of mesoporous silica nanomaterials can be seen as using one stone to kill three birds.

For cancer therapy, the usefulness of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MPSNPs) has been widely discussed, likely due to its inorganic nature and excellent structural features. The MPSNPs‐based chemotherapeutics have been promisingly delivered to their target sites that help to minimize side effects and improve therapeutic effectiveness. A wide array of studies have been conducted to functionalize drug‐loaded MPSNPs using targeting ligands and stimuli‐sensitive substances. In addition, anticancer drugs have been precisely delivered to their target sites using MPSNPs, which respond to multi‐stimuli. Furthermore, MPSNPs have been extensively tested for their safety and compatibility. The toxicity level of MPSNPs is substantially lower as compared to that of colloidal silica; however, in oxidative stress, they exhibit cytotoxic features. The biocompatibility of MPSNPs can be improved by modifying their surfaces. This article describes the production procedures, functionalization, and applications of biocompatible MPSNPs in drug delivery.

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Cancer is a leading cause of death throughout the world which suffers from treatment failures mainly due to intensive toxicity and lack of effectiveness of conventional drugs. The application of nanotechnology in cancer treatment promises to overcome the drawbacks of conventional drugs/dosage forms and improve their therapeutic efficacy. Nanomaterials have novel properties that influence their in vivo performance. The biological behaviour of nanotechnology-based medicines in the body, which is different from the in vivo performance of conventional drug delivery systems, may provide benefits in pharmaceutical and/or clinical applications including, enhancements in solubility, stability, therapeutic efficacy, minimized side effects, and treatment of diseases. This paper discusses the unique characteristics and distinguished advantages of nanomaterials as anticancer drug carriers. Physicochemical properties of nanomaterials are critical parameters to their clinical translation. Hence, the impact of the main physicochemical properties on the efficacy of anticancer nanomaterials, which are found to effective for cancer treatment and/or diagnosis, are presented. It is important to have reliable and robust characterization techniques that could enable relate physicochemical properties of nanomaterials with their in vivo behaviour. Brief explanation of the different techniques that can be used for studying the various physicochemical characteristics of nanomaterials is given. An important consideration, to achieve fast and successful development of nanotechnology-based anticancer drug products, is assessment and optimization of physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties at the early stage. Obviously this requires collaboration among the different discovery and development scientists.

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