MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs of ∼ 22 nucleotides that are involved in negative regulation of mRNA at the post-transcriptional level. Previously, we developed miRTarBase which provides information about experimentally validated miRNA-target interactions (MTIs). Here, we describe an updated database containing 422 517 curated MTIs from 4076 miRNAs and 23 054 target genes collected from over 8500 articles. The number of MTIs curated by strong evidence has increased ∼1.4-fold since the last update in 2016. In this updated version, target sites validated by reporter assay that are available in the literature can be downloaded. The target site sequence can extract new features for analysis via a machine learning approach which can help to evaluate the performance of miRNA-target prediction tools. Furthermore, different ways of browsing enhance user browsing specific MTIs. With these improvements, miRTarBase serves as more comprehensively annotated, experimentally validated miRNA-target interactions databases in the field of miRNA related research. miRTarBase is available at http://miRTarBase.mbc.nctu.edu.tw/.

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Background To eliminate cranial irradiation (CrRT)–related sequelae and to minimize the adverse impact of traumatic lumbar puncture (TLP) with blasts, the Taiwan Pediatric Oncology Group (TPOG) introduced a modified central nervous system (CNS)–directed regimen characterized by delayed triple intrathecal therapy (TIT) and the omission of CrRT for all children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Methods This study compared the treatment outcomes of patients overall and patients with a non–CNS‐1 status (CNS‐2, CNS‐3, or TLP with blasts) in 2 treatment eras, one before and another after the revision of the TPOG‐ALL‐2002 protocol by the introduction of the modification (era 1 [2002‐2008] with CrRT and era 2 [2009‐2012] with delayed first TIT and no CrRT). Results There were no statistically significant differences in major outcomes between the 903 patients treated in era 1 and the 444 patients treated in era 2: the 5‐year event‐free survival (EFS) rates were 75.7% ± 1.4% and 72.1% ± 2.4%, respectively (P = .260), and the cumulative risks of isolated CNS relapse were 4.0% ± 0.7% and 4.1% ± 1.0%, respectively (P = .960). There were also no differences between non–CNS‐1 patients treated in era 1 (n = 76) and era 2 (n =28): the 5‐year EFS rates were 52.3% ± 5.8% and 62.9% ± 9.4%, respectively (P = .199), and the cumulative risks of isolated CNS relapse were 6.3% ± 3.1% and 3.6% ± 3.5%, respectively (P = .639). Notably, TLP with blasts was completely eliminated after the first TIT was delayed in era 2. Conclusions The delay of the first TIT until the clearance of circulating blasts and the total omission of CrRT did not compromise survival or CNS control in patients with childhood ALL, including those with a non–CNS‐1 status.

For SR patients, one-course reinduction was adequate. Triple intrathecal therapy alone successfully prevented CNS relapse.

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