Stroke is rapidly developing clinical signs of focal or global disturbance of cerebral function, with symptoms lasting 24 hours or longer or leading to death, with no apparent cause other than of vascular origin. This study aimed to know characteristic of ischemic stroke patients hospitalized at Prof.Dr.R.D.Kandou hospital in 2012-2013. This research is descriptive retrospective research using secondary data, including the ischemic stroke patient’s medical record. The results showed the highest percentage ischemic stroke patients at 45-54 year age group (36%), male (52%), high school education (52%), who work as housewifes (40%). The highest of modifiable risk factors are hypertension (74,70%), followed by increases in total cholesterol (41,30%), who had Diabetes mellitus (17,30%), who had sodium imbalance (12%), who had potassium imbalance (16%), who had chloride imbalance (18,70%), alcoholic (28%), and smoking history (44%). Based on the results of this research concluded that the most risk factor is hypertensionKeywords: ischemic stroke, characteristic, risk factorsAbstrak: Stroke adalah manifestasi klinik dari gangguan fungsi serebral, baik fokal maupun global, yang berlangsung dengan cepat, berlangsung lebih dari 24 jam, atau berakhir dengan kematian, tanpa ditemukannya penyebab selain daripada gangguan vaskular. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik penderita stroke iskemik yang di rawat inap di RSUP Prof.Dr.R.D.Kandou Manado tahun 2012-2013. Metode yang digunakan bersifat deskriptif retrospektif yaitu dengan mengambil data sekunder penderita stroke iskemik tahun 2012-2013 di bagian rekam medik RSUP Prof.Dr.R.D.Kandou Manado. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa persentase terbanyak pasien stroke berumur 45-54 tahun (36%), jenis kelamin laki-laki (52%), pendidikan terakhir SMA (52%), yang bekerja sebagai ibu rumah tangga (40%). Faktor risiko yang dapat diubah tertinggi adalah hipertensi (74,70%), diikuti oleh kolesterol total meningkat (41,30%), yang memiliki penyakit diabetes melitus (17,3%), yang memiliki ketidakseimbangan natrium (12%), ketidakseimbangan kalium (16%), ketidakseimbangan klorida (18,70%), yang memiliki riwayat mengkonsumsi alkohol (28%), dan merokok (44%). Berdasarkan hasil penilitian ini disimpulkan bahwa faktor risiko terbanyak yang ditemui adalah hipertensi.Kata kunci: stroke, karakteristik, faktor risiko

Stroke is a cardiovascular disease which is the second rank of worldwide disease leading to death. Hospitalization is a treatment process which including patient to stay at hospital and length of stay (LOS) is a calculated time periode when patient admitted until discharged. This studywas aimed to obtain the profile of hospitalized stroke patients’ LOS at Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado from July 2015 to Juni 2016. This was a descriptive retrospective study using secondary data of the medical records. Samples consisted of 293 patients.The results presented ischemic stroke in 58.02% with LOS 6.84 days and hemorrhagic stroke in 41.98% with LOS 10.84 days. Patients with the highest LOS were females with hemorrhagic stroke (11.04 days); age 45-54 years (9.47 days); hemorrhagic stroke with hypertension (11.26 days); hemorrhagic stroke without dyslipidemia (10.67 days); hemorrhagic stroke with DM type 2 (12.67 days); and hemorrhagic stroke with tuberculosis (23.50 days). Conclusion: In this study, hemorrhagic stroke patients had higher LOS.Keywords: stroke, length of stay. Abstrak: Stroke adalah penyakit kardiovaskular yang menempati peringkat kedua sebagai penyakit yang menyebabkan kematian di dunia. Pelayanan rawat inap merupakan proses perawatan pasien dengan menginap di rumah sakit dan length of stay (LOS) merupakan periode yang dihitung ketika pasien masuk hingga keluar dari rumah sakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran LOS pada pasien stroke rawat inap di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado periode Juli 2015-Juni 2016. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif retrospektif dengan menggunakan data sekunder pasien stroke periode Juli 2015-Juni 2016 dari bagian rekam medik. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 293 pasien. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan persentase jumlah pasien stroke iskemik 58,02% dengan LOS 6,84 hari dan persentase jumlah pasien stroke hemoragik 41,98% dengan LOS 10,64 hari. Pasien stroke dengan LOS tertinggi terdapat pada jenis kelamin perempuan dengan stroke hemoragik, 11,04 hari; usia 45-54 tahun, 9,47 hari; stroke hemoragik dengan hipertensi, 11,26 hari; stroke hemoragik tanpa dislipidemia, 10,67 hari; stroke hemoragik dengan DM tipe 2, 12,67 hari; stroke dengan komplikasi, 9,33 hari; stroke hemoragik dengan pneumonia, 10,65 hari; dan stroke hemoragik dengan tuberculosis, 23,50 hari. Simpulan: Pasien stroke hemoragik memiliki LOS yang lebih tinggi.Kata kunci: stroke, lama rawat

Headache or cephalalgia is a sensation of pain on the head to neck. Headache is divided into primary headache disorders and secondary headache disorders. Playing computer games is one of the university students’ usual activities. However, it can be a risk factor contributor for both types of headache. This study aimed to obtain the headache patterns and representations among university students who played computer games. This was a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design using questionairre . The sampling technique used was non-probability sampling with N=50. Data were analyzed by using frequency tables and cross tabulations. The results showed that there were 44 university students (88%) experienced headache while playing or at the moment after playing computer game. Mild pain level was the most experienced symptom, as many as 28 university students (56%). The patterns and other headache symptoms were categorized in tension-type (60%), migraine (28%), and no headache (12%). Keywords: headache, computer gamer, university student. Abstrak: Nyeri kepala atau cephalalgia adalah sensasi nyeri di bagian kepala hingga batas leher. Nyeri kepala terbagi atas nyeri kepala primer dan nyeri kepala sekunder. Bermain game komputer merupakan salah satu aktivitas yang sering dilakukan mahasiswa dan dapat menjadi kontributor faktor risiko terjadinya kedua tipe nyeri kepala tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran nyeri kepala pada mahasiswa pemain game komputer. Jenis penelitian ini ialah deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang menggunakan kuesioner. Teknik sampling yang digunakan ialah non-probability sampling yaitu consecutive sampling dengan N=50. Data dianalisis menggunakan tabel frekuensi dan cross tabulation. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan 44 mahasiswa (88%) mengalami nyeri kepala selama atau sesaat setelah bermain game komputer. Derajat nyeri ringan merupakan yang paling banyak dialami, yaitu dialami oleh 28 mahasiswa (56%). Gambaran dan gejala nyeri kepala lainnya dikelompokkan dan mengarah ke nyeri kepala tipe tensi sebanyak 60%, tipe migraine 28%, dan sisanya 12% tidak nyeri kepalaKata kunci: nyeri kepala, pemain game komputer, mahasiswa

BACKGROUND: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has forced the health workforce to take mitigative measures such as physical distancing, screening, personal protective equipment donning, and confinement on patient care. We aimed to study the outcome of acute stroke patients with suspected, probable, or confirmed COVID-19 in a tertiary referral hospital in Indonesia during the first year of COVID-19 pandemic.METHODS: This was a retrospective study examining all medical records of adult patients suffering from acute stroke with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 who were admitted to R.D. Kandou Hospital, Manado, Indonesia, between March 2020 to March 2021. Clinical and laboratory parameters were compared between subjects with poor and good outcomes based on Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), divided into poor outcome (GOS 1-3) and good outcome (GOS 4-5).RESULTS: Fourty-six eligible subjects were enrolled in the study. Based on the GOS, 36 subjects (78.3%) were admitted to the hospital with poor prognosis. On admission, the median Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was 11, breathlessness was found in 54.3% of subjects, fever was found in only 15 subjects (32.6%), and the lowest oxygen saturation on admission 95%. We found that GCS significantly related to outcome after controlled for other factors using the logistic regression method (p=0.03; 95% CI=1.08-4.78).CONCLUSION: Lower GCS can be used to predict poor outcome in acute stroke patients with COVID-19.KEYWORDS: COVID-19, acute stroke, Glasgow Coma Scale, outcome, Indonesia

ROLE OF VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIAL IN TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS WITH AND WITHOUT DIABETIC RETINOPATHYABSTRACTIntroduction: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Minimal functional change of neural layers of the retina occurs before structural changes, thus undetected by funduscopy. This damage could be identified earlier by P100 latency changes in visual evoked potential (VEP).Aims: To find the characteristic  of P100 in T2DM with and without DR, its correlation  with the duration of thedisease and the level of fasting blood glucose (FBG).Methods: A cross sectional analysis study was conducted in Prof. dr. R.D. Kandou Hospital, Manado, from November2017-January 2018. T2DM patients aged 18-60 with visual acuity  >6/60, without neuro-ophtalmological disorders and other metabolic diseases. P100 latency was measured using VEP with reversed checkerboard stimulation.Results: There were 56 subjects with T2DM, mostly were females (57,1%) and age mean was 54,86±5,65 years. Delayed P100 latency occurred in 85,7% subjects. Diabetic retinopathy subjects showed delayed P100 latency on right (92,31%) and left (88%) eyes while T2DM subjects without retinopathy showed delayed P100 latency on both eyes 70%. There were strong and significant positive correlation between the duration of T2DM and P100 latency on the right and left eyes. There was no significant correlation between fasting blood glucose (FBG) level and P100 latency.Discussions: Delayed P100 latency occurs in T2DM patients with and without retinopathy. The duration of T2DMcorrelates with the delay of P100 latency but not with the level of FBG.Keywords: Diabetic retinopathy, P100, type-2 diabetes mellitus, visual evoked potential ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Retinopati diabetik adalah suatu komplikasi yang umum terjadi pada diabetes melitus tipe-2 (DMT2). Sebelum terjadinya perubahan struktural, lapisan neuron retina pasien DMT2 sudah mengalami perubahan fungsional minimal yang tidak terdeteksi dengan funduskopi. Hal ini dapat diidentifikasi lebih dini berdasarkan gambaran latensi gelombang P100 pada pemeriksaan visual evoked potential (VEP).Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui karakteristik nilai gelombang P100 pada pasien DMT2 dengan dan tanpa retinopati diabetik, serta hubungannya dengan lama penyakit dan kadar glukosa darah puasa (GDP).Metode: Penelitian analitik dengan desain potong lintang terhadap pasien DMT2 yang dirawat di RSUP Prof. dr. R.D. Kandou, Manado periode November 2017-Januari 2018. Subjek berusia 18-60 tahun dengan visus >6/60 tanpa adanya kelainan neuro-oftamologi dan penyakit metabolik lain. Dilakukan perekaman VEP menggunakan stimulasi reversed checkerboard dilanjutkan pengukuran latensi gelombang P100.Hasil: Didapatkan 56 subjek, paling banyak perempuan (57,1%) dan rerata usia 54,86±5,65 tahun. Latensi P100 memanjang pada 85,7% subjek. Pada subjek dengan retinopati ditemukan mayoritas mengalami pemanjangan latensi pada mata kanan (92,31%) dan mata kiri (88%), sedangkan pada subjek tanpa retinopati ditemukan pemanjangan latensi kedua mata adalah 70%. Terdapat hubungan bermakna dengan korelasi positif kuat antara lamanya DMT2 dan latensi P100 kanan dan kiri. Tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara kadar GDP dan latensi P100.Diskusi: Pemanjangan latensi P100 terjadi pada subjek DMT2 dengan dan tanpa retinopati. Lamanya DMT2 berhubungan dengan pemanjangan latensi P100, tetapi kadar GDP tidak berhubungan dengan pemanjangan latensi P100.Kata kunci: Diabetes melitus tipe-2, P100, retinopati diabetik, visual evoked potential