Summary Restricting children's exposures to marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages is a global obesity prevention priority. Monitoring marketing exposures supports informed policymaking. This study presents a global overview of children's television advertising exposure to healthy and unhealthy products. Twenty‐two countries contributed data, captured between 2008 and 2017. Advertisements were coded for the nature of foods and beverages, using the 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) Europe Nutrient Profile Model (should be permitted/not‐permitted to be advertised). Peak viewing times were defined as the top five hour timeslots for children. On average, there were four times more advertisements for foods/beverages that should not be permitted than for permitted foods/beverages. The frequency of food/beverages advertisements that should not be permitted per hour was higher during peak viewing times compared with other times (P < 0.001). During peak viewing times, food and beverage advertisements that should not be permitted were higher in countries with industry self‐regulatory programmes for responsible advertising compared with countries with no policies. Globally, children are exposed to a large volume of television advertisements for unhealthy foods and beverages, despite the implementation of food industry programmes. Governments should enact regulation to protect children from television advertising of unhealthy products that undermine their health.

Summary The food environment is a major contributor to unhealthy diets in children and, therefore, to the increasing rates of obesity. Acclaimed by scholars across the world, Latin American countries have been leaders in implementing policies that target different aspects of the food environment. Evidence on the nature and to what extent children are exposed and respond to unhealthy food environments in the region and among Latinos in the United States is, however, deficient. The objective of this review is to use the integrated International Network for Food and Obesity/noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS) framework to create healthy food environment to (i) compare the key elements of childhood obesity‐related food environments in Latin America and for Latinos living in the United States; (ii) describe the evidence on solutions to improve childhood obesity‐related food environments; and (iii) identify research priorities to inform solutions to fight childhood obesity in these populations. We found that an integrated body of evidence is needed to inform an optimal package of policies to improve food environments to which children in Latin America and Latino children in the United States are exposed and more efficiently translate policy solutions to help curb growing childhood obesity levels across borders.

Objective: To examine snacking patterns, food sources, and nutrient profiles of snacks in low- and middle- income Chilean children and adolescents. Design: Cross-sectional. Dietary data were collected via 24-hour food recalls. We determined the proportion of snackers, snacks per day, and calories from top food and beverage groups consumed. We compared the nutrient profile (energy, sodium, total sugars, and saturated fat) of snacks versus meals. Setting: Southeast region of Chile. Subjects: Children and adolescents from 2 cohorts: the Food Environment Chilean Cohort (n = 958, 4– 6 years old) and the Growth and Obesity Cohort Study (n = 752, 12–14 years old). Results: With an average of 2.30 ± 0.03 snacks per day consumed, 95.2% of children and 89.9% of adolescents reported at least 1 snacking event. Snacks contributed on average 360 kilocalories per day in snacking children and 530 kilocalories per day in snacking adolescents (29.0% and 27.4% daily energy contribution, respectively). Grain-based desserts, salty snacks, other sweets and desserts, dairy foods, and cereal-based foods contributed the most energy from snacks in the overall sample. For meals, cereal- based foods, dairy beverages, meat and meat substitutes, oils and fats, and fruits and vegetables were the top energy contributors. Conclusions: Widespread snacking among Chilean youth provides over a quarter of their kilocalories per day and includes foods generally considered high in energy, saturated fat, sodium, and/or total sugars. Future research should explore whether snacking behaviors change as the result of Chile’s national regulations on food marketing, labeling and school environments.

Summary Background The Chilean government implemented the first phase of a comprehensive marketing policy in 2016, restricting child‐directed marketing of products high in energy, total sugars, sodium or saturated fat (hereafter “high‐in”). Objectives To examine the role that high‐in TV food advertising had in the effect of the policy on consumption of high‐in products between 2016 and 2017. Methods Dietary data were obtained from 24‐hour diet recall measured in 2016 (n = 940) and 2017 (n = 853), pre‐ and post‐policy, from a cohort of 4 to 6 years children. Television use was linked to analyses of food advertisements to derive individual‐level estimates of exposure to advertising. A multilevel mediation analysis examined direct and indirect effects of the policy through advertising exposure. Results Children's high‐in food consumption and advertising exposure declined significantly from 2016 to 2017 (P < .01). Consumption changes were not significantly mediated by changes in advertising exposure, which might suggest other elements of the Chilean Law potentially driving decreases in consumption to a greater extent than TV ads. Conclusions Preschoolers' exposure to high‐in advertising and consumption of high‐in products decreased post‐policy. Further research is needed to understand how marketing changes will relate to dietary changes after full implementation of the law and in the long term.

Background The first phase of a comprehensive marketing policy was implemented in Chile in 2016. The policy restricted child-directed marketing of foods and beverages considered high in energy, total sugars, sodium or saturated fat (“high-in”). The objective of this study was to examine the role of high-in TV food advertising as a mediator in the association between policy implementation and consumption of high-in foods and beverages between 2016 and 2017. Methods Dietary data were from 24-hour diet recalls collected in 2016 and 2017 in a cohort of 12–14 y children (n = 721). Television use was assessed concurrently and linked to analyses of food advertisements on broadcast and paid television to derive individual-level estimates of exposure to high-in food advertising. A multilevel mediation analysis examined direct and indirect effects of the policy through advertising exposure. Results Following the policy implementation, high-in advertising exposure was significantly reduced (p < 0.01). High-in food intake decreased in adolescents with lower levels, but not higher levels, of high-in advertising at baseline. We did not find evidence of mediation by changes in high-in ad exposure. Conclusions Adolescents’ exposure to high-in TV advertising decreased after the 2016 implementation of the Chilean Food Labeling and Marketing Law. However, evidence that changes in advertisement mediated dietary changes was not found. Further research is needed to understand how marketing changes will relate to dietary changes after full implementation of the law and in the long term.

The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed analysis of the research literature in sport coaching for one decade (2005–2015). This study followed a similar process to Gilbert and Trudel’s (Analysis of coaching science research published from 1970–2001. Res Q Exerc Sport 2004; 75: 3) study by following a four-step process: (1) an exhaustive search process was conducted on the sports coaching literature between the years 2005 and 2015, (2) articles were obtained and reviewed, (3) inclusion and exclusion criteria were executed; researchers negotiated themes and type of research method for each article for validity purposes, and (4) an analysis of the literature was conducted. There were 612 sport coaching-related research articles published between 2005 and 2015 in 119 different journals. Three researchers independently evaluated whether each article was sport coaching-specific or not, and agreement exceeded 90%. Researchers then coded and negotiated (inter-rater reliability) the type of research method employed for each study and the themes for each article until absolute (100%) agreement was achieved. Findings demonstrate a general increase in sport coaching publications over the 11-year period, and most articles (49%) utilized a quantitative research approach; in addition, sport psychology was the most reoccurring theme among the articles in this review. These findings provide valuable insight for future scholarly work in the field of sport coaching to enhance the coaching literature-base and are discussed later in this paper.

Background Against expert recommendations, sugar-sweetened beverages, especially fruit drinks, are consumed by young children. Misperceptions about drink ingredients and healthfulness may contribute to caregivers’ provision. Objective Assess caregivers’ reasons for serving sweetened fruit-flavored drinks and unsweetened juices to their young children (1-5 y) and perceptions of product healthfulness and drink ingredients. Methods Cross-sectional online survey assessed participants’ (n = 1,614) perceptions of sweetened fruit-flavored drinks (fruit drinks and flavored water) and unsweetened juices (100% juice and water/juice blends) provided to their child in the past month, including product healthfulness, reasons for providing, and knowledge of product ingredients (added sugar, non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS), percent juice). One-way analysis of variance compared perceived healthfulness of drink categories and types of sugar and NNS and differences between participants who could versus could not accurately identify drink ingredients. Results Participants’ top reasons for providing sweetened drinks included child liking it, being inexpensive, child asking for it, and being a special treat. Participants perceived 100% juice as healthiest, followed by juice/water blends, flavored waters and lastly, fruit drinks (p&lt;0.05). Many participants inaccurately believed the fruit drink or flavored water they served their child most often did not contain NNSs (59.0 and 64.9%) and/or added sugars (20.1 and 42.2%), when in fact they did, and 81.3-91.1% overestimated the percent juice in the drink. Perceived healthfulness of fruit drinks was associated with caregivers’ belief that the drink contained added sugar (p&lt;0.05), but not with their belief that it contained NNS; increased accuracy was associated with decreased perceived healthfulness (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions Inaccurate understanding of added sugar, NNS and percent juice in drinks served to young children was common and may contribute to sugary drink provision. Public health efforts should seek to improve labeling practices and revise nutrition education messages.

Our findings suggest that if a program provides food free of cost to rural indigenous families in the context of a maternal and child nutrition and health program, it may be important to include a well-designed behavioral change communication component to improve household food choices.