RESUMOO meio ambiente é considerado um bem difuso relacionado aos interesses da coletividade. Por isso, a Constituição Federal do Brasil prevê o princípio da reparabilidade integral do dano ambiental, que pode ser definido como as alterações negativas em recursos naturais que afetem adversamente o homem ou a natureza. Nestes casos, faz-se necessária a valoração das lesões ambientais, visando definir os benefícios dos ecossistemas que foram alterados e instrumentalizar processos indenizatórios. Dessa forma, objetivou-se a confecção de um método simples e direto de valoração de danos cometidos contra a flora no RS. Esta pesquisa foi norteada pelo Decreto Federal 6514/2008 e pelo Método do Custo de Reposição, e teve como ponto de partida a extração dos principais danos ambientais cometidos no noroeste do estado. Também foram utilizados índices referentes aos estágios sucessionais da vegetação, extraídos da Resolução CONAMA 033/2004, unidades de referência de acordo com a proteção legal das áreas, informações do Inventário Florestal contínuo do RS e de pesquisas com empresas e órgãos do setor sobre os preços de mercado de recursos florestais na mata e os custos de um projeto de recuperação de área degradada. O método para o cálculo de valoração de danos ambientais cometidos contra a flora confeccionado a partir destas informações pode ser expresso como Valor inicial do dano multiplicado pela unidade de referência e pelo estágio sucessional da vegetação mais o Custo de reposição de um projeto na respectiva área. Conclui-se que este método é aplicável nas demandas do DBIO/SEMA e de outros órgãos ambientais.
Palavras-chave:Valoração; Dano ambiental; Flora Nativa.
Uranium affects growth, sporulation, biomass and leaf-litter decomposition by aquatic hyphomycetesContamination by uranium mining activity may lead to harmful effects on freshwater biota, and can affect the reproduction, activity and diversity of aquatic fungi. Here we investigate uranium inhibition of fungal growth in solid medium, using (1) four species of aquatic hyphomycetes and (2) six strains of Heliscus lugdunensis. We also measured (3) fungal sporulation, (4) fungal biomass and (5) litter decomposition in laboratory microcosms exposed to uranium. The uranium concentration causing 50 % growth inhibition (EC 50 ) ranged from 12.5 to 45 mg/l, with Articulospora tetracladia the most sensitive and Varicosporium elodeae the most tolerant species. Strains sampled from reference and uranium polluted waters differed in their tolerance, but the tolerance was independent of the uranium concentration in the streams where fungi were isolated. The EC 50 for the six strains ranged from 9 to 25 mg/l. Sporulation was inhibited in microcosms at uranium concentrations ≥ 1 mg/l, and the minimum concentration inhibiting litter decomposition and biomass standing crop over 24 days was 16 mg/l. Leaf-litter exposed to uranium accumulated the metal up to 89 mg/kg (in 262 mg/l of U). Overall, the amount of uranium in many streams receiving discharges from abandoned or recovered mining sites is high enough to impair fitness of some aquatic hyphomycete species.
Agricultural textiles are applied as a protective barrier against birds and insects, but also as ground covers against weeds and as protection from environmental factors. To protect plants from insects and other pests, pesticides and other protective agents are also used since a textile barrier is often insufficient or is not feasible. As these products have to be applied regularly, their use is costly and time-consuming. The situation also becomes more complicated when a textile is used to protect the field against other influences (e.g. frost). The application of pesticides and other protective agents in or on to the agricultural textile itself, enabling the active substances to be continuously released by the textile, is a viable alternative. Insecticides used in the agricultural sector pose an environmental problem, which cannot be solved even by incorporating them into textiles. A silica-based, ecological alternative will therefore be presented in this article.
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