Infestations by ectoparasites are one of the greatest problems in the veterinary practice, due to a large drop in performance in cattle herds and other farm animals, generating great economical losses; for pets, besides the low quality of life and disruption of homeostasis, ectoparasites represent a risk for transmission of zoonotic diseases. The formamidines emerge as a very large group of ectoparasiticides, which its main representative, amitraz, is the only one approved for animal use. Amitraz is indicated for animal use against mites, lice, and ticks for cattle, swine, and sheep. For dogs, it is used against ticks and mites. However, due to a lack of proper orientation and information, reports of accidental intoxications by amitraz, in both animals and humans, are not unusual in the literature. Amitraz intoxication has been reported in dogs, and the clinical signs are evidenced in the nervous, digestive, cardiovascular, and urinary systems and include sedation, bradycardia, bradyarrhythmias, hypotension, bradypnea, transitory hyperglycemia, mydryasis, and hypothermia, cats being more sensitive than dogs regarding these last signs. To detect amitraz and its main metabolites, there are many standardized methodologies. This review describes the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodinamics, indications, toxicological and pathological effects of amitraz, as well as the intoxication treatment and the aspects related to its detection in biological matrices.Keywords: Formamidines; poisoning; dog; pathology. ResumoAs infestações por ectoparasitas representam um dos maiores problemas na rotina da clínica médica veterinária, com impactos relacionados à queda no rendimento de animais de produção, gerando graves perdas econômicas; para os animais de companhia, além da baixa qualidade de vida e do desequilíbrio da homeostase, ectoparasitas representam um risco para a transmissão de zoonoses. As formamidinas surgem como um grupo de ectoparasiticidas cujo representante principal, o amitraz, é o único aprovado para uso animal. O amitraz é indicado para uso animal contra ácaros, piolhos e carrapatos de bovinos, suínos e ovinos. Para cães, preconizase seu uso contra carrapatos e ácaros. Entretanto, devido à ausência de orientação adequada, os casos de intoxicações acidentais por amitraz, tanto em animais como em humanos, são frequentemente relatados. A intoxicação por amitraz tem sido relatada em cães, e os sinais clínicos são evidenciados em sistemas nervoso, digestivo, cardiovascular e urinário e incluem sedação, bradicardia, bradiarritmias, hipotensão, bradpneia, hiperglicemia transitória, midríase e hipotermia, sendo os gatos mais sensíveis do que os cães em relação a estes últimos sinais. Para detectar amitraz e seus principais metabólitos, existem muitas metodologias padronizadas. Esta revisão descreve a farmacocinética, farmacodinâmica, indicações de uso, efeitos toxicológicos e patológicos, além do tratamento da intoxicação e dos aspectos analíticos relacionados à sua detecção em matrizes biológicas.
ResumoObjetivou-se relatar um caso de linfoma cutâneo não-epiteliotrópico em canino, destacando-se os aspectos clínicos e patológicos da neoplasia. Foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), um cão de raça Shih-Tzu, macho, não castrado, com sete anos e pesando aproximadamente 5,3kg. O paciente apresentava neoformação ulcerada, eritematosa e com secreção purulenta em formato de anel em região do cotovelo no membro anterior direito e nódulo ulcerado e com presença de crostas em região do membro posterior esquerdo. Foram realizadas análises hematológicas, bioquímica sérica, citologia aspirativa por agulha fina e biópsia para análise histopatológica. No hemograma, detectou-se anemia normocítica normocrômica com leucocitose e neutrofilia relativa e absoluta. Ao exame bioquímico, observouse a presença de hiperproteinemia e hiperglobulinemia. A citologia demonstrou alta celularidade, com presença de células multinucleadas e figura de mitose. No exame histopatológico foi observada acentuada celularidade composta por células redondas, infiltrados neoplásicos dispostos em cordões localizados na derme profunda e tecido subcutâneo, sendo então, estabelecido o diagnóstico de linfoma cutâneo não epiteliotrópico. Por se tratar de uma enfermidade sistêmica, o linfoma torna-se uma neoplasia de difícil tratamento. O diagnóstico pela citologia aspirativa juntamente com o exame histopatológico e sinais clínicos foram essenciais para o diagnóstico de Linfoma não-epiteliotrópico no presente relato.Palavras-chave: canino; doença linfoproliferativa; epiderme; neoplasia. AbstractThe objective of this study was to report a case of nonepitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma in a dog, highlighting the clinical and pathological aspects of this neoplasia. A seven-year-old intact male Shih-Tzu dog, weighing approximately 5.3kg was seen at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE). The patient presented an ulcerated, erythematous neoformation with purulent secretion in a ring-shaped region of the elbow in the right anterior limb and ulcerated nodule with crusts in the left hind limb. Hematological analysis, serum biochemistry, fine needle aspiration cytology, and biopsy for histopathological analysis were performed. Normocytic normochromic anemia was detected with leukocytosis and relative and absolute neutrophilia on blood count. Hyperproteinemia and hyperglobulinemia was observed on the biochemical exam. Cytology showed a high cellularity, with the presence of multinucleated cells and mitosis. Histopathological examination showed a marked cellularity composed of round cells, neoplastic infiltrates arranged in cords located in the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue, and the diagnosis of nonepitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma was established. Because it is a systemic disease, lymphoma becomes a difficult neoplasm to treat. Diagnosis by aspiration cytology together with histopathological examination and clinical signs were essential for the diagnosis of non-epitheliotr...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the main nonconformities that result in cytopathological samples inappropriate for diagnosis in veterinary medicine. All cytopathological samples, obtained from different canine and feline tissues/lesions, included in the study were received and classified as inconclusive by a single public laboratory of veterinary pathology, located in Pernambuco State, Brazil, between 2012 and 2016. Nonconformities regarding the smear quality, cellularity, presence or absence of hemorrhage, cellular overlapping, desiccation, and presence or absence of necrotic debris and/or artifacts were evaluated. Data were tabulated using Microsoft Excel 2007; absolute and relative frequencies were calculated using EPIINFO 3.5.2. From the 3268 cases received between 2012 and 2016, 190 cases were selected and comprised 514 inconclusive slides. The most frequent nonconformities detected were insufficient/absence of cellularity in 100% (514/514), inadequate submacroscopic presentation in 87% (446/514), and hemorrhage in 69% (356/514) of samples. Other features identified were cellular overlapping in 34% (175/514), inadequate staining in 31% (175/514), artifacts in 30% (154/514), desiccation in 28% (145/514), and necrotic debris in 26% (133/514) of samples. The implementation of laboratory standard operational procedures aimed at maintaining quality is essential. It is necessary to initially identify the main errors occurring in the processing stages as a way to guide and design strategies to avoid them.
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