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e This study aimed to determine if biotic contaminants originating from pig production farms are disseminated into soil and groundwater microbial communities. A spatial and temporal sampling of soil and groundwater in proximity to pig production farms was conducted, and quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) was utilized to determine the abundances of tetracycline resistance genes (i.e., tetQ and tetZ) and integrase genes (i.e., intI1 and intI2). We observed that the abundances of tetZ, tetQ, intI1, and intI2 in the soils increased at least 6-fold after manure application, and their abundances remained elevated above the background for up to 16 months. Q-PCR further determined total abundances of up to 5.88 ؋ 10 9 copies/ng DNA for tetZ, tetQ, intI1, and intI2 in some of the groundwater wells that were situated next to the manure lagoon and in the facility well used to supply water for one of the farms. We further utilized 16S rRNA-based pyrosequencing to assess the microbial communities, and our comparative analyses suggest that most of the soil samples collected before and after manure application did not change significantly, sharing a high Bray-Curtis similarity of 78.5%. In contrast, an increase in Bacteroidetes and sulfur-oxidizing bacterial populations was observed in the groundwaters collected from lagoon-associated groundwater wells. Genera associated with opportunistic human and animal pathogens, such as Acinetobacter, Arcobacter, Yersinia, and Coxiella, were detected in some of the manure-treated soils and affected groundwater wells. Feces-associated bacteria such as Streptococcus, Erysipelothrix, and Bacteroides were detected in the manure, soil, and groundwater ecosystems, suggesting a perturbation of the soil and groundwater environments by invader species from pig production activities.

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The effect of widely used antiseptics and disinfectants on some hospital isolates of gram-negative bacteria was assessed by the quantitative suspension test Chlorhexidine gluconate (4%), savlon (1:100), and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite were tested. Savlon and chlorhexidine gluconate were effective at in-use concentrations and sodium hypochlorite was effective at 1:50 dilution.

Chronic osteomyelitis is still the cause of many problems in orthopaedics in terms of therapy and infection persistence. Four-to-six week systemic antibiotic therapy is required along with bone and soft tissue debridement in the therapy of chronic osteomyelitis. Prolonged-release local antibiotic therapy has been taken into consideration due to the side effects encountered in long-term high dose antibiotic use and the duration of hospitalization of the patients. Although local antibiotic therapy has been achieved by bone cement, a second surgical operation is needed for the removal of the system. On the other hand, heat generation during cement curing limits the use of heat-sensitive active ingredients. The most frequent osteomyelitis inducing micro-organism is gram (+) Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, teicoplanin, a glycopeptide antibiotic, active on gram (+) bacteria, was incorporated in a synthetic polymer in order to prepare a microsphere formulation for implantation to bone defects. Particle size, surface characteristics, loading capacity and in vitro release characteristics of the microspheres were determined as well as stability assessment of teicoplanin under accelerated conditions. In vivo studies were performed on rabbits and the microparticles were implanted intra-articularly to the lateral condylus of the femur. Antibiotic presence was detected by a microbiological assay from synovial fluid sample aspirated throughout 5 weeks. In the light of these evaluations, microspheres prepared from PLGA (75:25) (Mw 136,000) polymer were determined to be effective, and promising for obtaining prolonged local antibiotic release.

Plant-sourced antimicrobials are known for their therapeutic potency against multi-drug-resistant pathogens. The members of Scutellaria L. have been used to cure several diseases in East Asia, Europe, and North America. The genus Scutellaria belonging to Lamiaceae family is composed of around 360 species worldwide and 18 species in Turkey. In this study, 36 extracts prepared with different solvents from aerial parts and roots of S. salviifolia Benth., S. diffusa Benth. and S. pontica C. Koch were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against four bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213) and three yeasts (Candida albicans ATCC 90028, C. krusei ATCC 6258, C. parapsilosis ATCC 90018) by using the broth microdilution method. Gentamicin, vancomycin and fluconazole were used as positive control. According to our results, all of the tested extracts showed stronger antimicrobial activity against yeasts than bacteria. The chloroform extract of S. salviifolia root showed the highest antifungal effect against C. krusei with 32 μg/ml MIC value compared with all the tested extracts and the positive control fluconazole (64 μg/ml MIC value).

Bulgular: V. mucronatum Lam.'ın çiçekli kısımlarının metanol ektresinin suda çözünen kısımlarından, dört iridoit glikoziti, ajugol (1), okubin (2), lasiantozit I (3), katalpol (4); iki triterpenik saponin, ilvensisaponin C (5), ilvensisaponin A (=mimengozit A) (6) ve bir feniletanoit glikoziti, verbaskozit (=akteozit) (7) izole edilmiştir. Sonuç: Elde edilen bileşikler içinde ajugol ve ilvensisaponin A, özellikle mantarlara karşı zayıf antimikrobiyal aktivite göstermiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Scrophulariaceae, Verbascum mucronatum Lam., sekonder metabolitler, antimikrobiyal aktivite Objectives: To determine the secondary metabolites from Verbascum mucronatum Lam. and evaluate their antimicrobial activity. Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial activities of the isolated metabolites were determined using broth microdilutions against the bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213) and fungi (Candida albicans ATCC 90028, Candida krusei ATCC 6258, Candida parapsilosis ATCC 90018). Results: Four iridoid glycosides; ajugol (1), aucubin (2), lasianthoside I (3), catalpol (4), two triterpenic saponins; ilwensisaponin C (5), ilwensisaponin A (=mimengoside A) (6), and one phenylethanoid glycoside; verbascoside (=acteoside) (7) were isolated from the water soluble parts of the methanolic extract gained flowery parts of V. mucronatum Lam. Conclusion: Within the obtained compounds, ajugol and ilwensisaponin A showed moderate antimicrobial activity, especially against fungi.

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