Saflufenacil is a new protoporphyrinogen-IX-oxidase inhibitor herbicide. When used, it can enter the soil and has a high risk to reach and contaminate groundwater and aquatic systems. A rapid and sensitive method of ultra-performance LC with MS/MS was developed for the simultaneous determination of saflufenacil and its two metabolites in soil samples. A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method was applied as the pretreatment procedure. The method was validated by five types of soil samples collected from several regions of China, which all showed good linearity (R(2) ≥ 0.9914) and precision (RSD ≤ 26.2%). The average recoveries of the three analytes ranged between 74.1 and 118.9% at spiking levels of 3-300 μg/kg. The method limits of detection (S/N 3:1) and method limits of quantification (S/N 10:1) achieved are in the ranges of 0.25-2.75 and 0.83-9.16 μg/kg, respectively. This indicated that the developed ultra-performance LC with MS/MS method is a promising analytical tool for monitoring the environmental risks posed by saflufenacil.
A water-soluble adjuvant named QuickAntibody (QA) was introduced into the procedure of mouse immunization for the development of hapten-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), using four kinds of pesticides as model compounds. Compared with conventional Freund's adjuvants, QA treatments offered relatively low but acceptable antiserum titers after three inoculations, gave little adverse effects to the experimental animals, and were preferable in harvesting splenocytes during the steps of cell fusion. Afterwards, hybridomas from the QA group were prepared and screened by both non-competitive and competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The efficiency of gaining immune-positive hybridomas was satisfactory, and the resultant mAbs showed sensitivities (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50)) of 0.91, 2.46, 3.72, and 6.22 ng/ml to triazophos, parathion, chlorpyrifos, and fenpropathrin, respectively. Additionally, the performance of QA adjuvant was further confirmed by acquiring a high-affinity mAb against okadaic acid (IC 50 of 0.36 ng/ml) after three immunizations. These newly developed mAbs showed similar or even better sensitivities compared with previously reported mAbs specific to the corresponding analytes. This study suggested that the easy-to-use adjuvant could be applicable to the efficient generation of highly sensitive mAbs against small compounds.
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