This research centers on the behavioral tendency of the middle-aged and seniors in bicycle tourism at environmentally protected scenic areas and its relevant influence factors. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is adopted as the basis of this study. The middle-aged and seniors are the subjects of this research. A questionnaire survey is conducted at environmentally protected national scenic areas in Taiwan. A total of 230 samples are drawn with a random sampling method, and 210 are valid. The findings indicate two things. First, when applying the TPB to different fields of the study, the level of predictability may vary. Another finding is that subjective norm shows a higher level of susceptibility to sport habit and predictability to behavioral intention than the other two constructs. With an empirical analysis, the study is able to provide middle-aged and senior participants and sport administration authorities with relevant suggestions for reference at the end of this paper.
This paper estimates the effects of trade liberalization on household income inequality and investigates whether trade liberalization or domestic reforms are the main factors influencing increasing inequality in Taiwan, a middle‐income open economy. We construct an empirical model by decomposing the sources of household disposable income in the quintile ratio and separate trade partners into OECD (Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development) and non‐OECD countries. Using time‐series data to estimate the long‐run effect, we find that net exports to OECD countries increase inequality, whereas net exports to non‐OECD countries insignificantly decrease inequality. This finding diverges from the prediction based on the Stolper–Samuelson theorem. Overall, trade liberalization increases income inequality, and the effect is mainly attributed to net exports to OECD countries. Moreover, we provide evidence that domestic reforms, particularly technological progress in favor of skilled labor and industrial structural change, rather than trade liberalization, are the main driving forces of income inequality.
The main purpose of this study is to build from practice to theory by developing a flow chart of menu planning based on the practices of a single successful executive chef and then testing the generality of the flow chart by assessing agreement with flows by 10 other executive chefs working in similar environments. This paper involves deep observation of real-life practices of one 5-star executive chef and his associates using. Observation is based on the 5W2H1E approach. A flowchart of the menu planning process is developed based on data from observing. The research uses degrees-of-freedom analysis of responses from ten chefs in assessing acceptance of the flowchart structure. It is concluded that the flow chart is meaningful in that it is generally acceptable. Ideas from the research contribute to theory and have practical implications. Contributions and practical implications are discussed.
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