Patellofemoral pain syndrome is characterized by severe pain around the knee cap during physical activities. Many researches have been done to describe the causes of PFP and it is found that it is multifactorial in nature. It is suggested that Patellofemoral pain can persist for many years and can cause decline in sports participation.  Muscular  imbalance and  over activity are major  causes of knee pain in Sports related PFP .Multiple management strategies are used in the intervention protocol of PFP  however, more research is required to find potential causes of knee pain and its management in sport sciences. Objective: The aim of this study is to find out prevalence of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome among Sports Sciences students in Lahore. Methods: This is an observational study; cross sectional survey with 306 estimated sample size 288 participants were respondents but remaining 18 were non respondents  and data  is collected from  students of sports sciences department in mentioned universities using  Kujala Scoring questionnaire. Data is entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: The results shows that age of participants were between 19 to 25 years. Number of male(62.15%)  participants were more than female(37.85%) participants .prevalence of PFP among sports sciences students is 63.54%(  N=183)  with  mild or no symptoms of anterior knee pain, 26.74%(N=77) with  moderate symptoms and  9.72% (N=28)  with severe symptoms of Patellofemoral pain syndrome. Conclusion: According to the results we concluded that there are mild or no symptoms of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome in 63.54 % Sports Sciences Students in Lahore,26.74 % Sport Sciences Students have moderate symptoms of Anterior Knee joint Pain and  9.72% Sports Sciences Students have severe Symptoms Of  Patellofemoral  Pain Syndrome

Background: The overall incidence of cervical pain in makeup artists is well known. In our study we attempted to work on the prevalence of cervical pain among make-up artist and hair dressers due to prolong consecutive working hours and awkward body posture. Purpose: The sole purpose of this research was to find the prevalence of cervical pain among make-up artist and hair dressers while performing their make-up and hair cutting for consecutive long working hours. Method.It was a cross-sectional study design. 150 participants were taken and it includes makeup artists, hair dressers.Non-probability Convenient Sampling technique was used and the main target population age lies between 25-40 years.The inclusion criteria were25-40 years age,both genders are included, more than 8-9 consecutive working hours in salon, static posture for long period of time and use of Dominant hand. The Exclusion criteria wastraumatic injury to cervical, Fracture, Tumors,Cervical spondylosis, Recent surgery,Cervical rib, working hours less than inclusion criteria. Results: Out of 150 workers 37.33% of workers were suffering from mild cervical pain, 22% of workers had moderate pain and 0.67% of workers were suffering from very severe pain. In 40% of individuals sleep was occasionally disturbed and 38.6% of workers reported of experiencing numbness in arms. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that make-up artist and hairdressers have cervical pain and numbness in arms due to prolong working hours which ultimately affect their ergonomics and posture of neck and body. These consecutive long working hours and use of dominant hand cause strain in cervical muscles which alsolimit the neck movements. Keywords: Cervical pain, Incidence, Ergonomics, Mechanics, Salon workers, Prevalence.

Aim: To determine the effects of Muscle energy technique with and without Bowen therapy on pain, function, range of movement, and posture in Text neck syndrome. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted in Fatima Hospital Sargodha. A total of 22 patients with text neck syndrome were included and randomly allocated to two groups. Assessment of pain, function, Cervical ROM, Craniovertebral angle, and Rounded shoulder angle was taken using a Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), Neck disability index (NDI), Goniometer, and photogrammetry. Group A received treatment with hot packs and METs. Group B received a hot pack, Muscle energy technique (METs) and Bowen therapy. A total of 18 sessions were given in 6 weeks with 3 sessions per week. Both groups were reassessed after 3 weeks and 6 weeks of treatment with follow-up after 3 weeks of treatment completion. Data were analyzed by using SPSS 21. Results: Findings revealed that a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was observed for both within a group and between-group analysis in NPRS, NDI, cervical range of motion (CROM), Craniovertebral angle (CVA), and Rounded shoulder angle (RSA). However, the Bowen group showed more improvement in terms of all outcome measures based on their mean differences. Conclusion: The combination of METs and Bowen therapy was more effective in decreasing pain, improving movement, regaining functional status, and correcting posture in individuals with Text neck syndrome rather than using METs alone. Keywords: Text neck, Muscle energy technique, Bowen technique, Pain, Range of motion

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of steroid therapy with and without physiotherapy for the management of lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow).Methodology: Patients, who fulfil the inclusion criteria of selection were admitted to study in the Department of Physiotherapy PSRD, Lahore. Each patient received an informed consent. Demographic data including name, age, sex, height and weight were noted. Participating individuals were randomly allocated into two groups by lottery method. Patients of group A were treated by steroidal therapy without physiotherapy manoeuvres and the individuals of group B were treated by combination of steroidal therapy and physiotherapy. The follow-up was carried out for up to 4 weeks.All the information has been collected with pre-defined preforms.Data was interpreted and analysed through SPSS version 22.0.Results: The overall mean age of cases was 38.90±6.97 years and 42.07±7.03 years. There were 38(63.33%) male and 22(36.67%) female in this study. Before treatment the mean pain of participating individuals of group-A and in group-B was 7.40±1.45 and 7.63±1.27 with insignificant difference. After treatment the mean pain in group-A and group-B was 3.40±1.73 and 2.53±1.57 with significantly lower pain in group-B, p-value < 0.05. When we compared mean pain before and after injection was significantly improved in both groups but the improvement was higher in group-B. The mean pain difference in group-A and group-B was 3.77±2.18 and 4.90±1.83 with higher improvement in group-A, p-value < 0.05. Conclusion:Results of study concludesteroid injection with addition to physiotherapy was more effective in reducing pain.We must encourage orthopedic and physiotherapist teamwork to treat tennis elbow.

Background: Dietary assessment is one of the four major components of direct nutritional assessment. Several tools have been established for assessing the dietary intake of individuals as well as the communities. However, dietary intake is a complex exposure variable which is difficult to measure accurately. This study was conducted for needs assessment and suggestions of local dietary assessment tool users (clinical dietitians and researchers) regarding improvements in these tools. Methods: Semi structured interviews were used to conduct this study. A total of ten participants selected using purposive sampling technique were interviewed after which data saturation was reached. The analysis was performed through transcription, meaning condensation, and then establishing data driven themes and patterns. The data thus obtained was represented in tabular and narrative format. Results: Each interview took 45 minutes on average. Twenty Four Hour Recall (24HR) was the most commonly used tool of dietary assessment recorded in 13 out of 14 responses (92.8%) followed by Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) recorded in 10 out of 14 responses (71.4%). A total of six themes emerged for the gaps associated with the use of dietary assessment tools as perceived by interview respondents. Conclusion: Interview data collected from local nutrition and dietetic experts regarding perceived problems in dietary assessment showed that the dietary intake data can be subject to information bias which affects the overall quality of data set. There is a need to acknowledge these errors and find out localized solutions to reduce these errors for improving data quality. Keywords: Dietary assessment; nutritional status assessment; qualitative interviews, information bias

Breast cancer is ranked the top in types of cancer that affects internationally. It affects up to 1 in 13 women during their lifetime. Physiotherapy is one of the major sources of recovery in patients of Mastectomy in terms of pain, ranges, and function. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of pre-operative shoulder rehabilitation program versus post-operative mastectomy patients. METHODS: This was a randomized clinical trial. The study setting was Oncology Department, Mayo Hospital Lahore, Shokat Khanum and Gulab Devi Hospital Lahore. The study was completed in 6 months. Total 50 subjects were allocated in two groups using lottery method of randomization. Patient with age less than 40 years, diagnosed with breast cancer were included, while those with associated signs of musculoskeletal problems, autoimmune systemic disease and advanced medical problem was excluded. Group A received set of exercises comprised of range of motion exercises and lymph edema education pre and post operatively. Group B received post rehabilitation exercises only. Data was analyzed by SPSS 16.0. Independent t test was applied to analyze between group differences and paired sample t test to see within group improvement. Descriptive statistics was in form of mean, variance and appropriate graphs. RESULTS: Independent sample test results regarding post interventional disability of arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) score showed significant p value 0.000 with a mean difference of 23.28000 while assuming equal variances. The mean and standard deviation of pain score was 3.76 (SD+0.778) pre/post combination group and post-operative rehabilitation program alone 4.1200 (SD+0.78102) with a statistically equal improvement in both groups (0.109). CONCLUSION: The study concluded that there was significant difference with better outcomes in terms of improvement in function, pain and range in patients having combination protocol i.e. pre-operative and post-operative rehab protocol in patient of mastectomy as compared to post-operative rehabilitation protocol alone.

The objective of the study is to differentiate the effectiveness of Mulligan and Maitland mobilization in cervical radiculopathy. Methods: 200 patients were selected and divided by lottery method into two groups. In one group i.e., Group A Maitland mobilization and in group B Mulligan mobilization was given. Patients were followed till 2 weeks. Results: There were 124(62%) male and 76(38%) female cases in study. The average age in group-A and group-B was 38.90 ± 6.97 years and 42.07±7.03 years, p-value 0.085. Before treatment the mean of pain in both group were calculated. So, in group-A was 7.40±1.45 and in group-B was 7.63±1.27 respectively, with insignificant difference. After treatment the mean pain in group-A was 3.40±1.73 and group-B was 2.53±1.57 respectively, P-value< 0.05 with significantly much less pain in group-B. The difference of pain represents in group-A and group-B was 3.77±2.18 and 4.90±1.83 while group A shows better results with, p-value < 0.05.  Before treatment range of motion was restricted in all patients, while after treatment 80% of cases achieved normal range of movement in group-A while in group-B 92% cases achieved normal movement range. The improvement in both study groups was significantly higher at 2nd week of treatment, but in group B the improvement was higher when compared to group-A, p-value. Conclusion: The study concluded “Mulligan technique is much more effective than Maitland technique in terms of less pain and normal range of motion for cervical radiculopathy patients”.

Calcaneal heel spur is a typical foot problem that impairs 15–20% of the community and can affect people of all ages. Heelspur cause pain during walking and prolong standing. Calcaneal spurs' pathogenesis is poorly known. Heel spurs are found in around half of all individuals with plantar fasciitis. Methods: A cross-sectional investigation was carried out among 141 (both genders) participants mainly teachers by profession from the different hospitals of Lahore. Research was done in order to determine the incidence of heel spur in teachers. Data was collected by questionnaire and checking their radiographs. Descriptive analysis using SPSS version 26.0 to find results. Results: Overall prevalence came out as 79 (56%) teachers indicate heel spurs and 62 (44%) indicate no heel spur. Conclusion: The finding of this study showed that prolong standing can be the cause of foot pain and cause changes. Participants indicate foot pain due to heel spurs.