Abstract-Biodiesel can be manufactured from specifically grown crops that would otherwise serve no purpose. However, some types of biodiesel raise certain ethical issues because they are made from crops which are used as a food source. Alternatively, biodiesel can be prepared from waste oil which has already been used in the manufacture of a product, normally food, such as crisps or from restaurants that use oil in fryers. Edible vegetable oils such as canola, soybean and corn have been used for biodiesel production and found to be a good diesel substitute but commercialization of biodiesel production from edible vegetable oil is expensive due to the high cost of oil. A promising alternative to edible vegetable oil is waste (canola) cooking oil. Biodiesel production by a transesterification reaction can be catalysed with alkali, acid or enzyme, but the latter is more time consuming and costly. The present study investigated biodiesel production from waste (canola) cooking oil in a two-step acid base catalysed process using ferric sulphate in step 1 and potassium hydroxide in step 2. Methanol was used as solvent for the catalysed process. Characterization of waste (canola) cooking oil was expressed in terms of acid value and saponification value. Conversion experiments were performed at different operating conditions including four methanol to oil ratios ranging from 3:1 to 6:1, four different catalyst amounts of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 (wt. %) at reaction time of one hour and temperature of 100°C. Analysis of the product was performed using titration method, infra-red spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector (GC/FID). Results indicated that increase in methanol to oil ratio and wt. % of catalyst increased the yield of biodiesel produced.
This paper explore the mechanism of lipid extraction efficiency on Moringa oleifera seeds using Soxhlet extraction method. This present study essential to determine the effect of particle size of the sample, extraction time and type of solvent applied towards the efficiency in extracting the lipids from the material. Soxhlet extraction method utilizing Buchi B118 was use in this study and response surface method was applied to analysed the data and determine the optimum parameter condition to obtain the highest yield of Moringa oil extraction. Moringa oil derived from Moringa oleifera seeds was converted into biodiesel (FAME) via Transesterification process. Conversion of Moringa FAME was observed using three different alcohol oil to molar ratio by based-catalysed. This study shows significant strong correlations between particle size of the sample, extraction time and type of solvent use towards extraction yield. The Response surface analysis shows that 1.3611 mm particle size of sample, 3 hours of extraction time and hexane as extraction solvent was the optimum condition in order to get the highest yield of lipids extract from both Moringa oleifera samples. Authentication extraction based on RSM recommendation showed an average Moringa oil yield of 39.75 % by weight.
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