The palmaris longus muscle (PLM) is extremely variable both in number and form. We present the first reported case of three-headed reversed PLM in a 36-year old woman. The relevant literature is reviewed. Variations of the muscles of the forearm and specifically the PLM are not uncommon. However, different rates are given for the types and agenesis of PLM. In one study, the incidence of agenesis was 12.8% and other anomalies were 9%. 15 cases of reversed PLM have been reported in the literature. In our case, the three-headed PLM was resected. The patient's symptoms resolved and at 1-year follow-up she remains symptom-free.

The authors have replanted 162 parts in 120 children over the past 15 years. The youngest patient, undergoing successful replantation, was aged 7 months, 3 weeks. Unlike an adult, any child suffering a traumatic amputation should be considered for a possible replantation. Replantation should consist of minimal bone shortening to preserve epiphyseal plates, with repair of all severed structures. Longitudinal K-wires usually provide adequate fixation. Our survival rate for complete replantation in children under the age of 16 years is 77%. Long-term study showed that continued skeletal growth occurred and the digit attained 81% of normal longitudinal length at maturity. Recovery of sensibility in the replanted digit is nearly as good as for isolated digital nerve repair. Patient and parent satisfaction is high when replantation is successful, with uniform approval of the extensive effort required.

We treated 15 hips (15 patients) with developmental dysplasia by a single-stage combination of open reduction through a medial approach and innominate osteotomy. The mean age of the patients at the time of operation was 20 months (13 to 30). The mean follow-up period was 9.6 years (4 to 14). At the final follow-up, 14 hips were assessed clinically as excellent and one hip as good. Radiologically, ten hips were rated as class I, four as class II and one as class III according to the criteria of Severin. No avascular necrosis was seen. No patient required subsequent surgery. Our results indicate that satisfactory results can be obtained with the single-stage combination of open reduction by the medial approach and innominate osteotomy for developmental dysplasia of the hip in a selected group of children older than 12 months. To our knowledge, no similar combined technique has been previously reported.

The rates of survival of the amputated part and the functional outcomes were studied retrospectively after 13 replantations and 12 revascularizations in 25 children. The ages of the patients ranged from 2 to 15 years (mean, 6.4 years). The average duration of follow-up was 4.2 years (range, 2 to 7 years). The survival rate was higher after revascularization (94.6%) than after replantation (84.6%). Sensory recovery of all digits was satisfactory. The mean growth rate of replanted digits relative to contralateral digits was 80%. Functional results were rated as excellent in 11 cases, good in 8 cases, moderate in 2 cases, and poor in 1 case. In order to prevent functional and growth disturbances and due to cosmetic reasons, replantation or revascularization should definitely be tried for children.

Background/aim: Although ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE) is the second most common entrapment mononeuropathy, there are few reports on its neurophysiological classification. In this study, we tried to find out the role of needle electromyography (EMG) in the neurophysiological classification of UNE. Materials and methods: UNE patients who met the clinical and neurophysiological diagnostic criteria and healthy individuals were included in this study. Reference values of nerve conduction studies were obtained from healthy individuals. Needle EMG was performed to all UNE patients. According to the neurophysiological classification proposed by Padua, UNE patients were classified as mild, moderate, and severe. Results: Thirty-one controls and thirty-five UNE patients were included in the study. There was mild UNE in 23 patients, moderate UNE in 8, and severe UNE in 4. Abnormal needle EMG findings were present in all patients with moderate and severe UNE and in 12 patients with mild UNE. Conclusion: Abnormal needle EMG findings are seen in most of the UNE patients. Therefore, it is not practical to use needle EMG findings in the neurophysiological classification. Needle EMG abnormalities may also be present in patients with mild UNE due to axonal degeneration or motor conduction block.

Bilateral traumatic dislocation of the hip is a rare injury. In fact, only about 50 cases have been reported previously. We report a case of traumatic bilateral posterior hip dislocation with bilateral sciatic nerve damage suffered in a traffic accident by a 65-year-old woman.

Background: Posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) resection in combination with proximal row carpectomy (PRC), is a preferred method in order to obtain rapid recovery. However, the contribution of such combination to results isn't known well. Objectives: We performed a comparative study to evaluate the effects of PIN neurectomy for PRC and a systematic review of the literature was performed to identify whether such combination has an advantage. Methods: Patients with wrist diseases who underwent PRC were evaluated retrospectively. Patients without PIN neurectomy (group 1, n ¼ 7) and with PIN neurectomy (group 2, n ¼ 8) were compared in respect of mean age, follow-up, gender, Q-DASH, VAS, MAYO wrist scores, flexion-extension/ radial-ulnar deviation range of motion at final follow-up. The MEDLINE database was searched for studies published between 2005 and 2015, as the second part of the study. The following keywords were used: "proximal," "row," "carpectomy." Studies, which met the inclusion criteria, were evaluated in terms of such combination. Results: There were no significant difference between the groups in regard with age (P ¼ .463), follow-up period (P ¼ .728), the ranges of flexion-extension (P ¼ .431) and radio-ulnar deviation (P ¼ .689), Q-DASH (P ¼ .452), and MAYO scores (P ¼ .728). In the second part of the study, 12 studies met the inclusion criteria and none of them was specifically evaluating such combination. Only one study had specific comments on PRC with PIN neurectomy. Conclusion: According to our study (which, to our knowledge, was the first comparative study in the literature), we advocate not to combine PRC with PIN neurectomy for such an approach has no advantage.

This study employed a print laboratory material based on 5E model of constructivist learning approach to teach reflection of light and Image on a Plane Mirror. The effect of the instruction which conducted with the designed print laboratory material on academic achievements of prospective science and technology teachers and their attitudes towards physics laboratory was questioned. The study was carried out with 98 prospective teachers who attended the course named General Physics Laboratory III and undergraduate students at the Department of Science Education at Karadeniz Technical University during 2011-2012 fall semesters. The study was conducted by adopting semiexperimental method. Experimental group instructed with the designed print laboratory material whereas control group instructed in through traditional laboratory practices. The Achievement Test, Physics Laboratory Attitude Scale, and Reflective Writings were used as data collection tools. It was proved that the instruction carried out with print laboratory materials based on 5E model contributed to academic achievements of prospective teachers and their attitudes towards physics laboratory more than the instruction based on traditional approach. Based on the research results, it was recommended that print materials prepared based on the constructivist learning theory could be generalized in the Physics Laboratory courses.