The results are consistent with the hypothesis that susceptibility to RHD is genetically linked, and this in turn may be associated mainly with HLA class II antigens and weakly with class I antigens, with DR3, DR7, and B16 influencing susceptibility and DR5 conferring protection.

The cardiac involvement in Behçet's syndrome in sixty-five patients (mean disease duration 5.7 +/- 4.1 SD years) was studied, in comparison with 70 healthy, age- and sex-matched controls. The electrocardiograms, chest radiographs and M-mode, 2-D and Doppler echocardiography were evaluated in a blind protocol. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of cardiac findings between the probands and the controls. It is concluded that cardiac involvement in Behçet's syndrome occurs only sporadically.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of lockdown measures implemented due to COVID‐19 on aetiology, sociodemographic characteristics, and clinical status of burn cases. This study was carried out retrospectively at the Burn Unit of Dicle University Medical Faculty Hospital. The burn cases during the COVID‐19 outbreak were compared with those of the previous 2 years. Statistical analyses were carried out using the IBM SPSS (Statistics Package for Social Sciences) Statistics 25. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t‐test, Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test, and Shapiro‐Wilk test were used for data evaluation. Results were evaluated at 95% confidence interval and P < .05 significance level. It was determined that burn cases were reduced by half during the COVID‐19 compared to the previous 2 years. Despite the increase in the number of third‐degree burns and surgeries, it was determined that the length of hospital stay decreased by an average of two thirds. Hot liquids have been identified as the most important cause of burns in all years. New studies should be conducted in order to examine the social dimension of COVID‐19 pandemic in burn cases and to prevent these cases completely. The short hospital stay preferred by clinicians after COVID‐19 and possible problems that may arise should be investigated.

Background: Breast augmentation is one of the most common aesthetic surgical procedures. Tissue expansion followed by permanent implants is the most frequent postmastectomy breast reconstruction method. Implant contamination remains a critical problem with these procedures‚ resulting in acute infection as well as capsular contracture. To reduce the risk of implant contamination, the “no-touch technique” utilizing the Keller funnel has been adopted by many surgeons. This systematic review aims to investigate the advantages of the Keller funnel method for breast augmentation–reconstruction. Methods: A systematic review of PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane database, and Google Scholar was performed between 2005 and 2021. All clinical-based, retrospective and prospective studies utilizing the Keller funnel method for breast implant insertion were selected. Results: Six studies were identified for evaluation: five were retrospective cohorts and one was a prospective trial. No randomized controlled trials were found. Outcomes reported included lower rates of capsular contracture (RR, 0.42; P = 0.0006; 95% CI, 0.25–0.69), shorter incision lengths (35.5 ± 2.1 mm), less insertion time (mean = 6 seconds), and decreased complications, and one paper reported ultimately greater patient satisfaction with outcomes (BREAST-Q Score: 92%). Conclusions: This review suggests that the Keller funnel is a useful method for no-touch breast augmentation and reconstruction surgery. The Keller funnel reduces subsequent capsular contracture rate, surgical time, and incision length and allows for easier insertion. However, our findings support recommendation of a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial with larger population size and follow-up intervals.

Sulfite, which is continuously formed in the body during metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids, is commonly used in preservatives. It has been shown that there are toxic effects of sulfite on many cellular components. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible toxic effects of sulfite on pyramidal neurons by counting cell numbers in CA1 and CA2-CA3 subdivisions of the rat hippocampus. For this purpose, male albino rats were divided into a control group and a sulfite group (25 mg/kg). Sulfite was administered to the animals via drinking water for 8 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, brains were removed and neurons were estimated in total and in a known fraction of CA1 and CA2-CA3 subdivisions of the left hippocampus by using the optical fractionator method--a stereological method. Results showed that sulfite treatment caused a significant decrease in the total number of pyramidal neurons in three subdivisions of the hippocampus (CA1 and CA2-CA3) in the sulfite group compared with the control group (p < 0.05, Mann Whitney U test). It was concluded that exogenous administration of sulfite causes loss of pyramidal neurons in CA1 and CA2-CA3 subdivisions of the rat hippocampus.

Caffeine seems encouraging for the prevention and treatment of bilirubin neurotoxicity in rats by means of its antiapoptotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-nitrosative, and anti-TLR-4 properties.

In this study our aim is to increase the understanding of the prostate and related organs anatomy for better continence and erectile function results after urological surgery. Prostate and related organs were dissected from seven cadavers. After dissection, 165 serial sections with 300 lm thickness were derived at a 100 lm interval. The histological images were examined and imported to the computer. Three-dimensional (3D) remodeling had been performed. The findings were evaluated into three categories: macroscopic, microscopic and 3D reconstruction. Striated muscle fibers had been detected at the anterior fibromuscular stroma in histological sections. In 3D remodeling, urethra seemed to be a complete functional unit, beginning from the trigone up to the membranous urethra. The neurovascular bundles run under the pelvic fascia on both sides and go through to the bladder neck at 5 and 7 o'clock. Computer remodeling demonstrated that neurovascular structures had a close association with the bladder neck and the seminal vesicle. Computer program made it possible to rotate all 3D-reconstructed figures by 3601 and examine them from all possible angles. All reconstructed structures can be examined together at the same time or one by one. Surgeons must pay special attention to the continence area described as a single unit, beginning from trigone to the membranous urethra, during the surgery. Meticulous dissection of the neurovascular bundles, especially close to the seminal vesicles and bladder neck, during the radical prostatectomy is necessary. These reconstructions can be used for the educational purpose of medical students as well as the urology surgeons.

We did not observe any changes in interventricular foramina or cerebral aqueduct measurements in healthy subjects from a wide range of age groups. Such changes should be useful for diagnosing diseases that affect the ventricular system and planning surgical procedures, especially those involving the ventricular system.