In comparison with the result of previous studies using cultured mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow or adipose tissue; the improved mechanical properties observed in the present study suggest that choosing stromal vascular fraction as a readily accessible and instant source of multipotent cells instead of expensive and long-lasting culture expansion may seem more favorable in cell based therapy for tendon injuries. The mechanical functionality of the repairs observed in the present study encourages further investigations into the use of stromal vascular fraction for the repair of tendon injuries.

This study was done in order to determine the molecular and biochemical alterations following testicular torsion (TT) and torsion-reperfusion (TR). For this purpose, 54 male Wistar rats were divided into five groups as control group (n = 6) and experimental group subjected to 1, 2, 4, and 8 h unilateral left torsion induction (n = 12 in each group). After induction of TT, testicular samples were collected from each group (n = 6), and the other six rats of each group underwent the same period of reperfusion after TT and then were sampled. Histological changes, the mRNA and protein expression of heat shock protein-70 (Hsp70), and caspase-3 were examined using reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Testicular total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were evaluated. The mRNA damage and DNA fragmentation were assessed. The TT and TR significantly reduced differentiation and spermiogenesis indices (p < 0.05). The TT- and TR-induced groups exhibited a severe reduction in Hsp70 expression as well as remarkable enhancement in caspase-3 expression. The TAC and GSH-px levels were decreased and the MDA content was increased in TT- and TR-induced groups. Finally, the TT and TR enhanced mRNA damage and DNA fragmentation. The TT- and TR-induced damaging oxidative stress, diminished Hsp70 expression, and enhanced caspase-3 mRNA and protein levels result in apoptosis following 1, 2, and 4 h. Whereas, following 8 h, TT and TR initiate the necrosis by inducing energy depletion as well as severe mRNA damage.

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The normal radiographic anatomy of the healthy hedgehog can help to identify anatomic features unique to the hedgehog while comparing it with other small mammals, such as the dog and cat. Radiographic examination is a method that can play an important role in the diagnosis of a wide variety of skeletal diseases. Seven (2 males, 5 females) free-living hedgehogs (Erinaceus concolor) from the Urmia region of Iran were selected for this study. Lateral and craniocaudal radiographs from the front and hind limbs were obtained. The radiographs from these hedgehogs were compared with the normal canine and feline skeletal radiographic anatomy. On the forelimb radiographs, the clavicle was observed as a complete bone connected to the scapula and manubrium. There are three and five carpal bones in the proximal and distal rows, respectively, as in the dog and cat. The pelvis has a larger obturator foramen when compared with the dog and cat. In the lateral view, the pubis and ischium are relatively larger than in the dog and cat and have a more ventral position. The tarsal bones are similar to those of the dog and cat. The number of phalanges and sesamoid bones in the forelimb and hindlimb are likewise similar to those found in the dog and cat.

Short CommunicationTesticular torsion is a true urological emergency and its annual incidence in men/boys younger than 25 years is 1 in 4000. This acute condition occurs most often (40% to 65%) in the neonatal period and around puberty [1].Testicular salvage rates following appropriate diagnostic and surgical managements range from 42% to 88% [2]. The main pathophysiological mechanisms underlying bilateral testicular damages following torsion-detorsion have been shown to be related to ischemia-reperfusion [3][4][5].Semen analyses as well as oxidative stress, histopathological and blood parameters evaluations after testicular torsion surgical treatments in experimental studies have shown marked abnormalities in both testes compared to normal standard values [3][4][5][6][7][8].