War and conflict brings about adverse changes for those who are displaced. How do entrepreneurial individuals respond to such adversity to either setup , or continue with their existing entrepreneurial endeavours that would improve their own livelihood or that of others who have been affected? Whilst previous studies have found local knowledge, networks and resources to be crucial in the development of ventures in the war and conflict context, alienation from mainstream society within the host location often means that to succeed, those who are displaced require alternative strategies and approaches. Through examining the entrepreneurship ventures of six internally displaced entrepreneurs in Pakistan, our study identifies that entrepreneurial individuals find different ways to adapt to the new order, with both internal and external bricolage becoming the key strategies deployed to either re-establish their previous business(es) or to develop new endeavour(s) in the host location. To compensate for lack of local knowledge, networks and resources, we found that entrepreneurs followed closely their previous paths in their bricolage attempts, relying on reconfigurations of their preexisting competencies, as well as utilising pre-established and clandestine networks.

Preliminary analysis of near-bottom, high-resolution DSL-120 sidescan and bathymetric data from the median valley in the TAG (Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse) segment near 26°N on the Mid-Atl antic Ridge, and Argo-Il photography from the associated actively venting hydrothermal mound, allows us to evaluate the structural, volcanic, and hydrothermal processes occurring in this area, and to provide baseline constraints on the pre-drilling status of the morphology of the mound and the distribution of venting. These data were collected just 2 months before ODP drilling of the active TAG mound, one of the largest volcanichosted, mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal deposits yet discovered. Sharp discontinuities and strong asymmetry in the morphology and age distribution about the spreading axis suggest a recent episode of preferential accretion of crust to the east. Such episodes have likely contributed to the long-term spreading asymmetry (13 mm/yr to the east, 11 mm/yr to the west) of the TAG segment. The active mound lies within the intersection of a zone of actively developing ridge-parallel (north-northeast) fissures and a series of pre-existing obliquely oriented (east-northeast) faults. The east-northeast faults are not continuous with faults previously described from the upper rift valley walls. This intersecting fault pattern may be important in localizing hydrothermal activity. Contemporaneous tectonic deformation and hydrothermal deposition continue to modify the three-dimensional structure and hydrogeology of the active TAG mound.

Several reviews have been published on Artemisia's derived natural products, but it is the first attempt to review the chemistry and pharmacology of more than 80 alkaloids and allied nitrogen compounds obtained from various Artemisia species (covering the literature up to June 2018). The pharmacological potential and unique skeleton types of certain Artemisia's alkaloids provoke the importance of analyzing Artemisia species for bioactive alkaloids and allied nitrogen compounds. Among the various types of bioactive Artemisia's alkaloids, the main classes were the derivatives of rupestine (pyridine–sesquiterpene), lycoctonine (diterpene), pyrrolizidine, purines, polyamine, peptides, indole, piperidine, pyrrolidine, alkamides, and flavoalkaloids. The rupestine derivatives are Artemisia's characteristic alkaloids, whereas the rest are common alkaloids found in the family Asteraceae and chemotaxonomically links the genus Artemisia with the tribes Anthemideae. The most important biological activities of Artemisia's alkaloids are including hepatoprotective, local anesthetic, β‐galactosidase, and antiparasitic activities; treatment of angina pectoris, opening blocked arteries, as a sleep‐inducing agents and inhibition of HIV viral protease, CYP450, melanin biosynthesis, human carbonic anhydrase, [3H]‐AEA metabolism, kinases, and DNA polymerase β1. Some of the important nitrogen metabolites of Artemisia include pellitorine, zeatin, tryptophan, rupestine, and aconitine analogs, which need to be optimized and commercialized further.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti microbial properties of Berberis jaeschkeana Schneid Var. jaeschkeana for the first time. The screening of B. jaeschkeana for its phytochemical constituents showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, saponins reducing sugars and terpenoids. Crude ethanolic extract and different fractions showed good antimicrobial properties. Five compounds isolated for the first time from this plant also showed good anti-microbial properties. Columbamine was found to have excellent anti-microbial properties among all the compounds. Article Info

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Purpose Although scholars have investigated how social entrepreneurs create and develop social enterprises in the penurious stable environment, how they are created in the penurious unstable environment has yet been overlooked. The purpose of this paper is to address this research gap by exploring how internally displaced individuals, despite the lack of resources, create and develop a social enterprise to serve the other displaced population in the war and conflict zones. Design/methodology/approach Underpinned by a biographical research design, in-depth interviews with internally displaced individuals who have created social enterprises in the war and conflict zones were undertaken. Three social entrepreneurs were chosen for this study from three different social enterprises that are created by internally displaced individuals to serve the other internally displaced people of three different countries, namely, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Syria. Findings The single and cross-case analysis found that internally displaced individuals deploy bricolage strategy, for example, reconfiguration of pre-existing resources and competencies (both internal and external), to start up a social venture in the war and conflict zones. They utilise pre-existing internal resources, mainly human capital, and external resources, through a frugal approach towards resources acquisitions. The authors also found that the displaced social entrepreneurs utilise resources of other displaced individuals, for example, networks, volunteers, local knowledge and financial supports mainly from older arrivals, and develop their own enterprise ecosystem within the host location to co-create and co-develop social enterprise and social values for all of them. Research limitations/implications The findings show that internally displaced individuals utilise bricolage strategies to create and develop socially entrepreneurial venture to serve other internally displaced individuals in the war and conflict zones. As the findings are based on three case studies, for confirmatory approach, a quantitative study with a large sample size is necessary. Furthermore, as the differences in economic, cultural and linguistic in between the home and host locations can have impact on the creation and the development of a social venture, they should be considered in the future studies. Originality/value This study contributes to the limited literature and studies on social entrepreneurship, specifically, to the context of unstable penurious environment. It also contributes to the literature on bricolage by extending its application from penurious stable environment to the penurious unstable environment. By exploring what and how internal and external resources are utilised to create and develop a socially entrepreneurial venture in a war and conflict zones, this study has added value to the literature on not only bricolage but also entrepreneurship in war and conflict zones.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address a significant gap in the literature as it explores challenging emotions in the context of forced executive succession in a public sector board by re(conceptualizing) executive succession as a change process. Design/methodology/approach This study is empirical in nature and uses a combination of an ethnographic case study and narratives to understand emotions in the context. Findings The authors show that the emotional complexities emerged when executive succession was enforced from outside due to multiple interpretations of the emergent situations. It further shows how shame, guilt and embarrassment were produced when actors realized that they had failed to deliver responsibility; issues of trust and betrayal emerged when actors were not taken into confidence whilst taking certain actions; and the way actors manipulated situations and managed unwanted emotions by finding excuses and shifting blame. Research limitations/implications Future research can explore the political nature of emotions and can take into account the emotions of other stakeholders, such as staff and general public during forced succession in public sector organizations. Originality/value The re(conceptualizing) of executive succession as an emotive change process is an important contribution, since the current literature concentrates mainly on the changes and subsequent emotions triggered by new executive in the public sector. Through the lens of emotions, multiple interpretations of the situated emotions are revealed that influences board members relationships and interactions. This will help to create a better understanding of what happens inside public boards when executive succession is enforced from outside.