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Objective: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination was introduced in Japan in April 2013, as a national immunization program for girls aged 12–16 years, after an initial introduction in 2010 as a public-aid program for girls aged 13–16 years. The Yuri-Honjo district had the highest vaccine coverage among women aged 17–51 years in 2017, due to the original public-aid program. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in the vaccine types of HPV16/18 infections between 2008–2012 (pre-vaccine era) and 2013–2017 (vaccine era). Materials and Methods: We evaluated whether HPV vaccination was associated with a decrease in the prevalence of HPV16/18 and high-risk HPV and the incidence of HPV-associated cervical lesions. A total of 1,342 women aged 18–49 years, covering both the pre-vaccine and vaccine eras, who visited Yuri Kumiai General Hospital and underwent HPV genotype tests from June 2008 to December 2017 were compared. Results: Among women aged 18–24 years with higher vaccine coverage (68.2%), the prevalence of HPV16/18 and high-risk HPV decreased from 36.7% and 69.4%, respectively, in the pre-vaccine era to 5.8% and 50.0%, respectively, in the vaccine era (p=0.00013 and p=0.047, respectively). Among those with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2− and grade 2+, HPV16/18 prevalence decreased from 30.0% to 2.7% (p=0.0018) and from 81.8% to 36.4% (p=0.030), respectively. In this age group, the rate of HPV16/18 positivity decreased significantly. Among age groups with lower vaccine coverage, HPV prevalence did not significantly differ between the two eras. Conclusion: The prevalence of HPV16/18 and high-risk HPV significantly decreased in women aged 18–24 years, most of whom were vaccinated. HPV vaccination effectively reduced the prevalence of HPV16/18 infections in the Yuri-Honjo district.

The Friedel–Crafts-type carboxylation of arenes has been achieved by activating CO2 with silylium borates. The reaction exhibits broader substrate applicability than does our previously reported AlX3/R3SiX-mediated carboxylation.

Thiophenes and benzothiophenes bearing alkyl or aryl substituents at the 2- or 3-positions are successfully carboxylated with CO2 with aid of EtAlCl2 to give the corresponding 2- or 3-carboxylic acids in up to 90% yield.

Me 2AlCl-Mediated Carboxylation, Ethoxycarbonylation, and Carbamoylation of Indoles. -(NEMOTO, K.; TANAKA, S.; KONNO, M.; ONOZAWA, S.; CHIBA, M.; TANAKA, Y.; SASAKI, Y.; OKUBO, R.; HATTORI*, T.; Tetrahedron 72 (2016) 5, 734-745, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2015.12.028 ; Dep. Biomol. Eng., Grad. Sch. Eng., Tohoku Univ., Aoba, Sendai 980, Japan; Eng.) -M. Tismer 22-122

Direct Carboxylation of Thiophenes and Benzothiophenes with the Aid of EtAlCl 2 . -The Lewis acid mediated carboxylation of thiophenes and benzothiophenes bearing alkyl or aryl substituents at the 2-or 3-positions affords the corresponding 2-or 3-carboxylic acids in up to 90% yield. Thiophenes having substituents at the 3-position show similar reactivities to those of 2-substituted regioisomers. The regioselectivity agrees with the ortho/para-directing nature of the substituents. -(NEMOTO*, K.; ONOZAWA, S.; KONNO, M.; MOROHASHI, N.; HATTORI, T.; Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 85 (2012) 3, 369-371, http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.20110335 ; Dep. Biomol. Eng., Grad. Sch. Eng., Tohoku Univ., Aoba, Sendai 980, Japan; Eng.) -H. Hoennerscheid 30-121

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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution of Arenes with CO 2 Mediated by R3SiB(C6F5)4. -The Friedel-Crafts-type carboxylation of arenes is achieved by activation of carbon dioxide with silylium borates. The reaction also proceeds under basic conditions which opens the applicability of the presented carboxylation to acid-sensitive compounds. -(KONNO, M.; CHIBA, M.; NEMOTO, K.; HATTORI*, T.; Chem. Lett. 41 (2012) 9, 913-914, http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.2012.913 ; Dep. Biomol. Eng., Grad. Sch. Eng., Tohoku Univ., Aoba, Sendai 980, Japan; Eng.) -H. Haber 07-041